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The Effect of Spectators�¢���� Verbal and physical Violence on Referees�¢���� Judgments in football | Abstract
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Abstract

The Effect of Spectators�¢���� Verbal and physical Violence on Referees�¢���� Judgments in football

Author(s): Ahmad Torkfar

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of spectators verbal and physical violence on referees in football. 300 referees were voluntarily selected and filled out the questionnaires on verbal and physical violence. The results demonstrated that being close to the grandstand is the most important factor in violence on referees judgments. It is said by strengthening of two teams spectators solidarity, raising awareness and knowledge of spectators about football, much support of culture activities can be used to reduce the incidence of audience aggression.