Commentary - Der Pharmacia Lettre ( 2022) Volume 14, Issue 8
Received: 09-Jul-2022, Manuscript No. DPL-22-74756;
Editor assigned: 12-Jul-2022, Pre QC No. DPL-22-74756;
Reviewed: 26-Jul-2022, QC No. DPL-22-74756;
Revised: 01-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. DPL-22-74756;
Published:
09-Aug-2022
, DOI: 10.37532/dpl.2022.14.01
, Citations: Queuin-Xing Lue, Antibiotic Resistance,Genes, Anti-microbial, Chemotherapy. Der Pharm Lett 14 (2022):01-02
,
Copyright: Lue, Queuin-Xing, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Antibiotic overuse and misuse have traditionally been blamed for the global development of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs), which have played havoc on the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and eventually anti-microbial chemotherapy. However, due to the ancient ARGs' altered roles in bacterial physiology, non-antibiotic factors may also affect how they are controlled. Numerous non-antibiotic substances, including micro plastics, metallic nanoparticles, non-antibiotic medications, and non-antibiotic circumstances, as well as some non-antibiotic situations, have been shown to hasten the spread of ARGs and the importance of antibiotics may have been overstated in the past, while the impacts of non-antibiotic circumstances may have gone unnoticed.
It is crucial to critically emphasise the function and processes of non-antibiotic compounds and related environmental variables in the spread of ARGs in order to properly comprehend the destiny and behavior of ARGs in the eco-system. To that end, the timely review summarised the non-antibiotic chemicals promoting the spread of ARGs, assessed the non-antibiotic environmental factors associated with ARG dissemination, and examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the spread of ARGs induced by the non-antibiotic factors. It also evaluated the non-antibiotic conditions associated with ARG dissemination.
The usage and choice of antibiotics are to blame for the geographical distribution of antibiotic resistance genes. Although less is understood about this problem, population mobility linked to transportation development may have had a significant influence in addition to environmental considerations. Based on the occurrence, diversity, and abundance of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs), and Mobile Gene Elements (MGEs) in untreated train wastewater, this research study investigated and reported that the high-speed railway train was a potential mobile reservoir of bacteria with antibiotic resistance. Opportunistic pathogens including Pseudomonas and Enterococcus were found to predominate in all samples, particularly in cultivable multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria according to high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing investigations.
The further isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium demonstrated multi-antibiotic resistance, which may be a sign of effective disinfection. Positive connections between ARGs and MGEs, such as those between intI1 and tetW, tetA, blaTEM, and between Tn916/154 and mefA/F, qnrS, were found, suggesting that multi-ARGs were widely dispersed during transportation. The high-speed train effluent included a significant amount of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and its discharge without adequate treatment might seriously endanger both human health and environment security.
ARGs are a growing hazard to environmental health because they may alter the human microbiomes and allow for the growth of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Increased antibiotic resistance among microorganisms has had a negative impact on world health. Antibiotic-resistant illnesses will likely cause more fatalities, according to the WHO. The bacteria can acquire ARGs by horizontal transmission, it's critical to monitor the spread of anthropogenic sources of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics, microorganisms resistant to antibiotics, and genes can all be found in the environment.
We adopt a 2-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) technique to evaluate the contribution of the Internet to decreasing antibiotic misuse before conducting a damage control model to determine the marginal productivity of farmer usage of livestock antibiotics. According to previous knowledge, farmers' usage of livestock antibiotics has a marginal productivity of 0.0079 (nearing 0), indicating that overusing antibiotics is now a common practice. Our findings also show that the abuse of livestock antibiotics by farmers is significantly inhibited by the Internet. By increasing your knowledge and expertise about antibiotics, the Internet can lower the usage of antibiotics by 1.3147 yuan/head.
Farmers' organisational involvement and educational attainment are major motivating factors to limit the abuse of livestock antibiotics. The gender, age, and educational level roles in the nonlinear relationship between farmers' excessive antibiotic usage and the Internet are gathered.
Citation: Queuin-Xing Lue, Antibiotic Resistance,Genes, Anti-microbial, Chemotherapy. Der Pharm Lett 14 (2022):01-02
Copyright: Lue, Queuin-Xing, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
