Commentary - Annals of Biological Research ( 2021) Volume 0, Issue 0
Received: 05-May-2021 Published: 26-May-2021
Agricultural biotechnology, otherwise called agritech, is a space of agrarian science including the utilization of logical devices and methods, including hereditary designing, atomic markers, sub-atomic diagnostics, immunizations, and tissue culture, to alter living organic entities: plants, animals, and microorganisms. Crop biotechnology is one part of horticultural biotechnology which has been extraordinarily evolved upon lately. Wanted quality are traded from a specific types of Crop to an altogether various species. These transgene crops have alluring qualities as far as flavour, shade of blossoms, development rate, size of reaped items and protection from sicknesses and nuisances).
Crop modification techniques in biotechnology
Traditional breeding
It has been utilized for quite a long time to improve crop quality and amount. Crossbreeding mates two explicitly viable species to make another and uncommon assortment with the ideal qualities of the guardians. For instance, the honey crisp apple shows a particular surface and flavour because of the crossbreeding of its folks. In customary practices, dust from one plant is set on the female piece of another, which prompts a crossover that contains hereditary data from both parent plants. Plant reproducers select the plants with the characteristics they’re hoping to give and keep on rearing those plants. Note that crossbreeding must be used inside something very similar or firmly related species.
Mutagenesis
Randomly in the DNA of any organism. In order to create variety within crops, scientists can randomly induce mutations within plants. Mutagenesis uses radioactivity to induce random mutations in the hopes of stumbling upon the desired trait. Scientists can use mutating chemicals such as ethyl methane sulfonate, or radioactivity to create random mutations within the DNA. Atomic gardens are used to mutate crops. A radioactive core is located in the centre of a circular garden and raised out of the ground to radiate the surrounding crops, generating mutations within a certain radius. Mutagenesis through radiation was the process used to produce ruby red grapefruits.
Polyploidy
It can be instigated to adjust the quantity of chromosomes in a yield to impact its richness or size. Normally, life forms have two arrangements of chromosomes, also called a diploid. In any case, either normally or using synthetic substances, that number of chromosomes can change, bringing about ripeness changes or size alteration inside the yield. Seedless watermelons are made thusly; a 4-set chromosome watermelon is crossed with a 2-set chromosome watermelon to make a clean (seedless) watermelon with three arrangements of chromosomes.
Protoplast fusion
Protoplast fusion is the joining of cells or cell components to transfer traits between species. For example, the trait of male sterility is transferred from radishes to red cabbages by protoplast fusion. This male sterility helps plant breeders make hybrid crops.
RNA interference
It is the interaction wherein a cell’s RNA to protein component is turned down or off to smother qualities. This technique for hereditary adjustment works by meddling with courier RNA to stop the union of proteins, adequately quieting a quality.
Transgenic
It involves the insertion of one piece of DNA into another organism’s DNA in order to introduce new genes into the original organism. This addition of genes into an organism’s genetic material creates a new variety with desired traits. The DNA must be prepared and packaged in a test tube and then inserted into the new organism. New genetic information can be inserted with biolistic. An example of transgenic is the rainbow papaya, which is modified with a gene that gives it resistance to the papaya ring spot virus. Genome editing is the use of an enzyme system to modify the DNA directly within the cell. Genome editing is used to develop herbicide resistant canola to help farmers control weeds.
Genome editing
Agricultural biotechnology regulation in the US falls under three main government agencies: The Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The USDA must approve the release of any new GMOs, EPA controls the regulation of insecticide, and the FDA evaluates the safety of a particular crop sent to market. On average, it takes nearly 13 years and $130 million of research and development for a genetically modified organism to come to market. The regulation process takes up to 8 years in the United States. The safety of GMOs has become a topic of debate worldwide, but scientific articles are being conducted to test the safety of consuming GMOs in addition to the FDA’s work.
The authors would like to thank and acknowledge who support of our work. Additionally, we would like to thank for their sacrifices and constant encouragement of our work.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
None to report
