ANNALS OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012 : VOLUME 3 : ISSUE 4

Correlation of exhaled carbon monoxide and nitric oxide with airflow obstruction in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

The aim of this study was to quantify lung oxidative stress in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by measuring levels of exhaled carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, nitric oxide were evaluated in exhaled air of asthma and COPD patients. Moreover, correlation of CO and NO concentrations with degree of airflow obstruction (FEV1% predicted) were also measured. The mean exhaled CO level was significantly much higher among COPD (6.47 ± 0.44 ppm, p<0.01) and asthma patients (6.13 ± 0.42 ppm, p<0.05) as compared to controls (4.62 ± 0.41 ppm). There was no significant difference found in the levels of CO between asthma and COPD (p>0.05). %COHb levels were remarkably higher in COPD (p<0.01) and asthma patients (p<0.05). It was also found that the levels of exhaled NO remarkably increased in asthma (41.56 ± 3.22 ppb, p<0.001) and COPD patients (29.22 ± 2.43 ppb, p<0.01) as compared to control (17.42 ± 1.01 ppb). There was a significant negative correlation found between exhaled CO and NO with FEV1% predicted in asthma and COPD. Moreover, we have also found a remarkable positive relation between exhaled CO and NO. The present study demonstrated that the levels of CO, NO and %COHb in exhaled air might have played a significant role in lung oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, these biomarkers in exhaled air may provide a simple, noninvasive and sensitive approach with which to monitor airway inflammation and to assess the response to drug treatment.

Considering post harvest period of Chlorpyrifos insecticide on greenhouse tomatoes with the solid phase extraction method and with the help of the GC, GC/MS

This study was conducted to measure post harvest period (php) of Chlorpyrifos . Tomato samples cultivated in 2 greenhouses with the design pattern of randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Every treatment sprayed with studied insecticide 2 times. Within different days after spraying sampling was performed. Samples in laboratory were extracted by using SPE(Solid Phase Extraction) and with the help of N method were concentrated and extracts were injected for measurement into GC(Gas Chromatograph),GC/MS(GC/Mass Spectrometer) devices. Data were compared with WHO/FAO MRL and Recovery results were 101% also results showed that Chlorpyrifos has the post harvest period near 15 days in greenhouse condition has been studied.

Documentation of Wound Healing Plants in Lagos-Nigeria: Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation as In-vivo Prognostic Biomarkers of Activity

Ethnobotanical study of wound healing plants in the central part of Lagos, Nigeria recorded 23 species of plants, belonging to 18 plant families. The plants are used as first aids, in the washing of sores, extraction of pus, as well as on infected wounds. Taxonomic distribution shows bark (36.7%), root (27.2%), leaves (9.1%), juice (22.5%) and rhizome (4.5%). Ethanol extracts of wound healing medicinal plants most commonly mentioned in the survey [Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae), Anthocleista nobilis G. Don (Loganiaceae), Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae), Croton lobatus Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague (Meliaceae), Nauclea latifolia Sm. (Rubiaceae), Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae), Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae), Treculia africana Decne (Moraceae), Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. (Annonaceae) and Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae)] were investigated for free radical scavenging activities and also lipid peroxidation. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically as gallic acid and rutin equivalents respectively. Flavonoid content correlated positively with activity. Flavonoids reduce lipid peroxidation by preventing or slowing the onset of cell necrosis and also by improving vascularity. Hence, any extract that inhibits lipid peroxidation will increase the viability of collagen fibrils by increasing the strength of collagen fibres, circulation, prevent cell damage and hasten the process of wound healing by inhibition of lipid peroxidation as prognostic biomarkers.

The effect of CHO supplementation on serum interleukin 6 during exercise in boy students

Background and Objective: Fitness experts reported a close relationship between exercise and immunity system. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during 60-minute running with 70 percent Vo2max on the serum IL-6. Methods: Nineteen students from University of Imam Hussein (AS) with of 24.89 ± 2.37 year of aged participated in this study and divided into experimental (CHO supplementation) and control (placebo supplementation) groups by randomly. All subjects completed an exercise test for 60 minutes running with 70% Vo2max on treadmill. Oral CHO or placebo supplementation ingested in 4 times: at first and in 15, 30 and 45 min of exercise test in experimental and control groups orderly. Blood sampling was performed before and immediately after each exercise test. Results: The findings show that serum IL-6 was increased after exercise test in two groups. But this increase was lower in experimental than control groups. Conclusion: CHO supplementation has an importance role in control IL-6 as inflammation cytokine during exercise.

Evaluation of the forage yield and quality in some accessions of Dactylis Glomerata under irrigated conditions

In order to evaluate the forage quality and yield, 36 accessions of Dactylis Glomerata were investigated by using randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits such as the forage dry matter yield (DMY) and quality were measured. The results of the variance analysis indicated a significant difference between the heritability (Hb) and other traits studied. Among the quality traits studied, the crude protein (CP) indicated positive and significant correlation with ashes percent (AP) and significant negative correlation with water solution carbohydrates (WSC) and the crude fiber (CF). The cluster analysis and mean comparison among groups resulting from the cluster analysis verified these results. By using factor analysis, three factors could be identified after Varimax rotation. These independent factors accounted for 83.63% of total variance. The first and the second factors were markers of the forage quality. The third factor indicated the FDM. According to the mean comparison and the factor analysis, accessions 1, 8 and 11 had greatest values for quality traits. Accession 32 had greatest amount of the digestibility dry matter (DDM) and the CP based on mean comparisons. But this accession was too weak to produce FDM. Although, the greatest value of the FDM was observed in accessions 3 and 33. Based on the mean comparison and factor analysis, the optimum values of the quality traits were only observed in accessions 21 and 28. Consequently, accessions 9,8,11,32,3,33,21,28 could be introduced and suggested to produce artificial cultivars in breeding program under irrigated condition in Kermanshah province.

Effect of Forest Roads on Adjacent Tree Regeneration in a Mountainous Forest

The estimation of the road effects on the adjacent tree regeneration particularly composition and density is useful to understand changes induced by the road network on ecosystems. In this study the effects of forest roads (5.5 m width) were evaluated on adjacent tree regeneration in plots that located on transects running from edge roads to 40m to the interior in the Hyrcanian mountainous forests of Iran. Mean of adjacent tree regeneration under height 150cm and 5 cm diameter was compared in the circle shape plots with various distances from the road edges (2.5, 7.5, 15, 25, 35m). The results revealed that some species which were benefited from increased light and disturbed soils were established in plots near the forest roads. Also results suggested that construction of roads in forest may cause establishment light demanding species specially for light loved species such as Acer sp (Maple) were more present close to the road edges and density of shade loved (demands) species such as Fagus orientalis (Beech) increased with distance from the road. Density of tree regeneration changes significantly persisted for 7.5 m distance. Most number of regeneration was observed in the plots with distance of 7.5 m from road edge.

The role of roof gardens in saving energy and reducing the heat island phenomenon

The Roof Garden of the beautiful and pleasant environment to live and work, to help improve air quality, especially in populated areas. What plants are planted on the ground, whether on walls or roof of a building, they can also attract dust, produce oxygen and cool in the hot summer months, (property due to evaporation) to expand the view of green space and natural help. Studies have shown that ghosting on the outer surfaces of insulatio Internal classification is most effective. One of the ways ghosting is the use of plants. What about the roof garden is important and distinguishes it from other areas, in buildings that save energy and metabolism According to Article 19 of the building and housing regulations on energy conservation The roofs of the cottages in the Arid and hot days in cities like Tehran, ventilation and cooler in the urban environment can be effective. The roof gardens have the potential to act as insulation for the roof because of heat exchange with the outside environment to prevent. Grate cities irregular and irregular structures, represents a heat island is residential. Of about 10 to 15 ° C temperature difference between the downtown and surrounding. As a result, a special climate grate cities and makes its own, only that its problems will follow. Grate cities NASA satellite studies show that all the earth, to destroy and replace them with plants and plant materials, especially the dark building, have been such a problem. Fight the urban heat island phenomenon is reasonable justification for making the roof garden is wide. is estimated that if all the roofs big city like Tehran are green to 7 degrees Celsius in temperature will decrease .

Study of establishment and development of sustainable green space based on economic index of species selection in Tehran city, Iran

Study of species in landscape’s city and introduction of new species according to, climatic condition fluctuation, establishment of high building, increasing of environmental pollutions, resources limitation and increasing biotic and abiotic stresses on plants is an important object in permanent landscape development. In addition to, this environmental and ecological factor in selection of adapted plant species in landscape’s city, in order to, durability of development of permanent landscape planets, also, economical factors are very important. Expenses of plant species preparation, design of planting and management are affecting agent in cost estimation for making developmental landscape’s city plan. Selecting of species that have low expenses in buy and maintaining during the time, have been reduced significantly project expenses. In fact, these projects in theory stage will have not stopped and as soon as enter the performances stages.

Production and Optimization of β-galactosidase by Bacillus Sp. MPTK 121, Isolated from Dairy Plant Soil

Studies on the β-galactosidase production were carried out with a bacterial strain isolated from the soil sample near dairy processing plant. The production of extracellular β-galactosidase by Bacillus sp. was optimized in a submerged fermentation. The effect of incubation period, temperature and pH of the medium were optimized. The production of the enzyme was found to be high at the 48th hour after inoculation at 30°C and pH 7. Of the metal ions used, MgCl2 was found to favor the enzyme production. Under optimal conditions, β-galactosidase was allowed to produce by the isolated Bacillus Sp. strain. The enzyme was purified using and the purified β-galactosidase was homogeneous with the molecular weight of 70 kDa as shown by SDS PAGE analysis.

Evaluation of some physiological traits associated with improved drought tolerance in Iranian wheat

In order to evaluation of some physiological traits associated with improved drought tolerance in wheat, twenty Iranian wheat genotypes with wide range of sensitivity to drought, including eighteen varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) were used in two separate field experiments in 2009-2010 at the Experimental Station of College of Agricultural in Shiraz University, Iran. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized completed block design with three replications. The experiments only differed with respect to their moisture levels (100% or 45% field capacity). The results showed that drought stress significantly (P < 0.05) increased relative water protection (RWP), stomatal resistance (Sr) and canopy temperature depression (CTD), and decreased relative water content (RWC) in the genotypes. Drought tolerant genotypes had higher RWC, RWP, Sr, CTD and cell membrane stability (CMS) as compared to intermediate and susceptible genotypes. Also durum wheat indicated similar behaviors of tolerant bread wheat under drought stress. There were positive and significant correlation between yield stability index (YSI) and physiological traits. YSI had the highest correlation with RWP under stress condition. In this study, RWP and RWC were selected as the best criteria for classification and screening of drought tolerant genotypes and also Azar2 and Alamut genotypes were identified as the most tolerant and susceptible genotypes ,respectively.

Improved effect of glutathione on the induction and growth of Taxus baccata L. callus

Yew (Taxus baccata. L) as a tree species native to Iran, has always been the center of attention due to the high amount of active components. One of these compounds is taxol (paclitaxel) which is effective in treatment of variety of tumors and cancers. Nowadays numerous advanced biotechnological methods such as tissue culture are in progress in order to increase the amount of compounds. In this study, to produce callus, both stem and leaf explants were cultured in vitro under different treatments in order to select the optimal medium condition in which better quality callus was produced in shorter time. Stem explants produced better callus and B5 medium supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose, 8 g/L agar, 0.5 mg/L 1-naphtaleneacetic acid, 0.4 mg/L kinetin, 2 mg/L 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.1 mM gluthatione and 500mg/L Casein was the more effective medium. To reduce tissue browning different antioxidants were tested and 0.1 mM gluthatione was selected as an effective agent that considerably reduced tissue browning process and also stimulated the callogenesis and growth of callus.

Path analysis of the relationships between yield and some related traits in canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress conditions

Plant salt stress is a condition where excessive salts in soil solution cause inhibition of plant growth or plant death. On a world scale, no toxic substance restricts plant growth more than does salt. Salt stress presents an increasing threat to plant agriculture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the salinity stress (control, 150 and 300 mM NaCl) on 12 canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Olga ،Wild cat, Sari gol, Herosr, Cracker, Comet, Option 500, SW hotshot, Amica, SW5001, Eagle and RGS003). The experiment was split plot design under hydroponic culture in Greenhouse of university of Tabriz, Iran. Morphological parameters of root and shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, length of pod, number of pods per plant, seed yield and osmotic potentional in leaves canola cultivars were highly significant differences for main and interaction effects of two factors (salinity and Genotype) studied. salinity decreased the roots and shoots dry weight of canola plants and this effect was particularly significant at high level of stress. Phat analysis indicated that, number of pods per plant was thermore influenced traits on seed yield under normal and salinity condition. Therefore, selection based on pod per plant would be more effective to improving seed yield of canola in salinity stress conditions and This trait is easy to determine and would be useful in breeding programs.

Note on the Medicago rigidula (L.) All. in Iran

A taxonomic status of the Medicago rigidula was reviewed in Iran. Morphological characteristics and pollen grains were studied in 72 populations of this species collected from natural habitats were. The results showed that the populations of M. rigidula have three-pore or four-pore pollen grains. Three-pores populations had less coils of pod, long and hocked spine that correspond with the M. rigidula, but four-pores populations had more coils without spine or with tubercles or straight, short spine tip that correspond with the M. rigiduloides. Thus, both species M. rigidula (L.) All. and M. rigiduloides E. Small were distributed across Iran.

Regression and Discriminative Analysis of Effect of Farmer Field School (FFS) approach on the adoption of biological control in Sari Township, Iran

The aim of this study was regression and discriminative analysis of effect of Farmer Field School (FFS) approach for the adoption of biological control of rice pests in Sari Township, Iran. The research population consisted of 72 farmers who participated in FFS and 346 farmers who had not participated in FFS, which were selected using randomized sampling method. The methodological approach of this study was descriptive-correlative. Validity of the instrument was established using a panel of experts consisting of senior faculty members in agricultural extension and education department. Furthermore, the agricultural officer of Mazandaran Province validated the questionnaire. Pilot test and reliability analysis was conducted and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.82. The results of the multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) revealed that the variables of knowledge of biological control, comparative advantage of innovations of biological control, mechanization level, rice farming experience, social participation, the number of contacts with extension agent, the extent to which farmers used mass media and information sources described a variation of 75.9% of the adoption of biological control by rice farmers who had participated in FFS. Also the results of the multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) revealed that the variable of knowledge of biological control described a variation of 83.1% of the adoption of biological control by rice farmers who had not participated in FFS. The results of discriminative analysis revealed that 95.8% of the responders (rice farmers) were properly classified based on the discriminative functions.

Phenotypic and protease purification of two different thermophilic Bacillus strains HUTBS71 and HUTBS62

The thermophilic proteases were purified from two different Bacillus strains HUTBS62 and HUTBS71. The two strains showed variation in ability to grow at different pH-values and temperatures, pH 5-11 and 28-73oC (HUTBS71) and pH 5-7 and 37-63oC (HUTBS62), respectively. The purified enzyme from the two different strains also showed variation in purification folds and %yields in different steps of purification methods. Ammonium sulfate fractionation was achieved at 75-80% for HUTBS71 and 55-60% concentrations for HUTBS62. The purification fold and yield were 10-fold and 67% for strain HUTBS71, and 6.5-fold and 61% for strain HUTBS62, respectively. Sephadex G-100 purification step achieved 40-fold purification and 16.7% yield from strain HUTBS71, and 32-fold purification and 12% yield of protease from strain HUTBS62. DEAE ion exchange chromatography step achieved 60-fold purification and 1.7% yield for strain HUTBS71, and 53-fold purification and 2% yield for strain HUTBS62. The molecular weight of purified proteases from HUTBS71 and HUTBS62was 49 kDa and 48 kDa, respectively.

The vascular flora on Asamagbe stream bank, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) premises, Ibadan, Nigeria

Recent field inventory of vascular flora on both bank of the Asamagbe stream, within the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Premises was conducted. The vegetation consists of 159 species within 151 genera and 66 families. About 40 species, including 15 cultivated plants or 25% of the flora are non-native taxa. Most of the recorded non-native species are naturalized aliens rather than casuals. Flagship species which serves as markers of the plant community identified include Christella dentata (Forsk) Holttum; Cleistopholis patens (Benth) Engl & Dalz, Bambusa vulgaris Schrade ex Wendel; Parkia bicolor A. Chev and Sparganophorus sparganophora (Linn.) C. Jeffery. The vegetation contains rich flora diversity with a need for its continual conservation to safeguard the enormous genepool.

Investigation of row orientation and planting date on yield and yield components of mung bean

For estimation of mung bean row orientation and planting date, a field study was conducted in Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran in 2007. The experiment was planted as a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement and four replications in which treatments consisted of two seeding methods: seeding with East–west and North–South row orientations. Planting date of main plots is 5th and 20th of May and 6th of June for subplots. The results of Analysis of variance for row orientation showed significant effects on grain yield, biomass, leaf wet weight, harvest index and fruit wet weight. Grain yield in east- west row orientation was 455 g/m2 while this factor in another orientation method was 379 g/m2 and It represented more than 16% yield loss on this condition. Effect of planting date on many of traits had significant effects which include grain yield, biomass, harvest index, and the number of seed per pod. The first planting date (5th May) with 479 g/m2 had the highest grain yield.

Hydrological considerations in designing the dimensions of cross drainage culvert in forest road

Hardwood forests of northern part of Iran are located at the latitude of 35° 46´ to 36° 58´ in mountainous areas. The annual rainfall of the areas is approximately 1000mm. Due to road constructions which are increasingly developing in these areas, it is important to recognize the hydrological considerations and to establish canals and cross-section drainage to prevent the destructive effects of runoffs and upper areas development, on roads. Therefore, 39 subareas were considered to determine the culvert diameters for Neka-Zalemrood catchment area. Flow gravity of each catchment was measured using a numerical curve method. Results of this study showed that culvert diameters changed from 11 inch to 62 inch during a 25-years returning period. Due to mountainous nature of the study area, sub-areas with culvert diameters below 24 inch were combined to reach the minimum diameter determined in the magazine number 131 of the Iranian Strategic Planning and Control Organization. Finally, the best culvert diameters were determined for each sub-area.

Bioremediation ability of individual and consortium of non-immobilized and immobilized bacterial strains on industrial azo textile effluent

This study was investigated the non-immobilized individual and consortium bacterial strains and immobilized individual and consortium bacterial strains for the reduction of azo dyes containing textile effluent. About 4 predominant bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp.,, Micrococcus sp., and Bacillus sp., with potential dye degradation ability were isolated from dye industries in tirupur. It was used to develop consortium for bioremediation efficiency analysis on textile effluent. On analyzing with the individual and consortium immobilized and non-immobilized bacterial strains of the treatment trials, the consortium nonimmobilized bacterial strains are found to be the very effective bioremediation ability. This study reveals the optimization of pH, retention time, organic load, incubation time and Inoculums concentration for the effective decolorization of the azo dye containing textile effluent. The GCMS analyses of the treated (non-immobilized bacterial consortium) samples were not found to have any toxic compounds.

Comparison of Depression between University Female Athletes and Non-athletes

The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of depression among female athlete and non-athlete students. Two hundred Tabriz Islamic Azad university female students (18-32) were randomly chosen. Beck depression test (BDI) was used to evaluate the rate of depression. Data were analyzed by independent T test. By analyzing the proposed hypotheses at the P≤0.05 demonstrated significant difference between female athlete and non-athlete students in depression.

Allelic and genotypic frequencies in Fshβ- PST-I locus in Iranian Holstein bulls

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis and regulates spermatogenesis up to the secondary spermatocyte stage. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of bovine follicular stimulating hormone (exon III) gene were studied for 83 animals from Iranian Holstein bulls. The blood and semen samples were collected from two artificial insemination and progeny test center (Jahed Co, Karaj, Iran and Shikh Hassan, Tabriz, Iran). We used polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for animal genotyping. The PCR process conducted with protocol of Dai et al. (2009). PCR products were digested with 4 U of PST-I, using the supplied buffer and maintained at 37°C for1 h. The resulting fragments were separated by vertical electrophoresis (110 W 40 min) in3% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and was visualized under UV light. The A (PST-I) allele had fragment sizes of 111, 202bp, whereas the B (PST-I) allele had fragments of 111, 202 and 313bp. The frequency of the A (PST-I+) and B (PST-I-) alleles are 0.675 and 0.325 respectively. The genotype frequency for AA and AB were 0.35 and 0.65 respectively. The BB genotype was omitted of analysis.

Analysis the agricultural potential of qazvin province to feasibility of oilseeds cultivation development (Apply Composite Index Technique)

This study examined the Feasibility Study of oilseeds farming and development in Qazvine province (canola, safflower, sunflower…..). This research was a quantitative applied research and in terms of the data collection process was a non-experimental investigation. A well designed-questionnaire was used to collect the data through interview and observation. All oilseed farmers (378 farmers) in Qazvine province were surveyed as the statistical population of the study, out of which 169 farmers were taken randomly as the research sample. The research instrument was questionnaire that codified base theories literature review. Questionnaire validity confirmed by content validity method with a panel of expert's and its reliability confirmed by implication of pilot test and calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.89). Data were analyzed by SPSS, V.13 software. The result of feasibility study for oilseeds cultivation showed that Abyek township with higher index (CI=10.30) have the most possibility of oilseeds cultivation development in the provience, then respectively Qazvin (CI=9.44), Boeinzahra (CI=9.36), Alvand(CI=8.48) and Takestan (CI=8.45) have more possibility of oilseeds cultivation development in the Qazvin province .

Survey the relationship between identity style and hardiness in student

The main aim of the current study was to survey the relationship between identity style and hardiness in student. This research examined the relation between Identity styles: ((informational)), ((normative)) and ((confused / avoiding)) and hardiness. In this scientific –comparative investigation, community investigation include of Payame Noor University of Boukan in 2011-2012 educational year and a number of 230(115 girls and 115 boys) students were selected by use of random cluster sampling method and the data were collected by use of the two questionnaires: "the review list of identity process styles (ISI-6G) and Personal Views Survey III-R". Results indicated that there is meaningful relationship between informative identity Style and hardiness .In this study there is no meaningful relationship between normative style and hardiness and also there is no meaningful relationship between confused / avoiding style and hardiness, but there is a meaningful relationship between commitment style and hardiness. In the study of relationship between identity and commitment styles against hardiness in males and females there was no notable different in gender regard. Analysis of regression showed that there is a relationship between identity styles and hardiness that can make a great help on study in the field of teenager and youngster and also on prevent of stress and mental disorders. More research regarding the studied variables can render brighter data.

Mango kernel fat: A novel lipid source for the fermentative production of sophorolipid biosurfactant using Starmerella Bombicola NRRL-Y 17069

It is found that the fat extracted from mango seed kernel is edible and is rich in stearic and oleic acid, which could be used as surfactant hydrophobe for the synthesis of bio-surfactants. This article describes downstream processing of mango kernel fat (MKF) to isolate its fatty acid fractions. Further the unsaturated fatty acid fraction (mango kernel olein) has been exploited as a surfactant hydrophobe for the fermentative production of sophorolipids by solid state fermentation as well as submerged fermentation at a shake flask scale using starmerella bombicola NRRL-Y 17069. Yield of 17.48 grams of sophorolipids per 100g of substrate (17.48% conversion) was obtained by solid state fermentation, while the submerged fermentation resulted in a yield of 5.8 grams of sophorolipids per 100 grams of substrate (5.8 % conversion). Thus here we have successfully carried out simple downstream process to obtain stearin fraction and olein fraction from mango kernel fat and its olein fraction was successfully used as a novel lipid source for the production of sophorolipids. Further, to the best of our knowledge we have obtained highest yield of a microbial bio-surfactant by solid state fermentation technology. This is also the first report on the possibility of production of sophorolipids by solid state fermentation technique.

Comparative study on homocysteine levels in migraine patients and normal peoples

Migraine is known as a mysterious risk factor for ischemic stroke. Different migraine mechanisms may affect developing of so-called migraine stroke.Homocysteineis an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. It is believed that the homocysteine level of serum is increased in patients suffering from migraine; however, the information in this field is little and non-uniform. This study aims to evaluate the serum homocysteinelevel in patients suffering from migraine as compared to healthy people. In a case- control study, 65 patients suffering from migraine and 65 normal people who were in a same age and sex with patient group were studied for 12 months in Tabriz Shams hospital and other clinics. An immunoassay method was used to measure the homocysteine level of serum after 12 hours fasting. The results from two groups were compared. Sixty five patients suffering from migraine were studied that 38.5% of them were male and 61.5% of them were female with an average age of 27.69±9.50 (15-55) years and 65 normal people, with 41.5% male and 58.5% female with an average age of 27.42±8.25 (15-52) years (p>0.05).the mean level of serum in patient group is significantly higher than the control group (averagely 14.49±5.03 against 10.92±4.68 micromole in liter; p<0.001). The difference was still remaining after sex control. The percentage of the cases that were suffering from hyperhomocysteinemia was also significantly high in the same group (61.5% against 38.5%; p=0.01; odds ratio= 2.56). Serum homocysteine level in patients suffering from migraine is significantly high than in normal people.

Isolation and identification of 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid degrading bacteria from soils and sediments of landfill

One of the biggest problems at present century that we face with, are wastes and how to use them correctly. Chlorobenzoates are the big xenobiotics that are mediator in making of insecticides, dyes and drugs. They are entered into environment through residue destruction and analysis of PCBs by human. The purpose of this research is isolation and identification of 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (DCBA) degrading bacteria and examining the growth of them in presence of this compound and also evaluating and justifying biodegradation of mentioned compound in landfill. Sampling was done from different places of landfill in spring and summer of 2010. Amount of 4.0g of sample was added to inorganic medium containing 2,5 -DCBA, then aeration was done every day for one minute. For identifying bacteria, the common biochemical tests were used. The amount of released colure was measured with UV. The measurement of the organic material 2,5-DCBA in samples of culture of 50 days was then examined by HPLC. The number of bacteria in medium containing 2,5-DCBA and the medium without this compound was accounted. In medium without 2,5-DCBA, the number of bacteria was more than the mineral medium containing this material. In spring, most of degrading bacteria was gram negative while in summer was gram positive. Resistant bacteria to 2,5-DCBA was identified and isolated as: Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Neisseria. The most quantity of degradation of 2,5-DCBA was belonged to Entrobacter 62% and Corynebacterium 48% and least quantity determined by Bacillus sp.14% bacterium. The results of the research also showed the advantage of primary enriching method for better isolation of bacteria in compare with direct culture of them.

Computer aided drug designing (CADD) for EGFR protein Controlling lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the commonest malignant neoplasms all over the world. Lung cancer cells grow due to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) protein. The Protein- Ligand interaction plays a significant role in structural based drug designing. In the research work Human EGFR was taken as a protein and the commercially available drugs as a ligand(such as Gemzar, Gefitinib, Tarceva).The receptor was docked to the above said drugs and the energy value of the docked drugs are GEMZAR(197), Gefitinib(268), Tarceva(248) using the vega zz docking software. Depending on the energy values the best two drugs namely Gefitinib and Tarceva. An attempt was made to improve the binding efficiency and steric compatibility of the two drugs were chosen. Several modifications were also made to the probable functional groups which were interacting with the receptor molecule. Analogs of this drug molecule were prepared using ACD ChemSketch in MOL format converted to 3D structure using Weblab viewer lite program then it was docked using vega zz docking software. Gefitinib Analog 2(281) and Tarceva Analog 7 (260), were detected with significant energy values and probable lead molecules. The Modified drugs were found to be better than the conventional drugs available.

Effects of changes in volume and intensity of exercise training on VO2 MAX in young females

The Aim of this research was to survey effect of exercise training intensity and volume changes on Maximal Oxygen Uptake ( O2 max) and resting HR. For this purpose 45 non athletic health undergraduate students with means 25±1.87 year, weight 71±1.95 Kg and height 175±2.30 voluntarily contributed at this research. Subjects randomly divided into four groups that were included group of moderate (50-55% HRR, N=12, group 1), Low vigorous (60- 65% HRR, N=12, group 2), high vigorous intensity (70-75% HRR, N=12, group3) or a non-exercising control group (N=10, group 4). In first six weeks, group 1 run on treadmill for 30 minutes and with intensity of 70 % heart rate reserve (HRR), group 2 run for 30 minutes and with intensity of 60% HRR and group 3 run for 30 minutes and with intensity of 50% HRR, and in two last weeks, group 1 run on treadmill with intensity of 75% HRR, group 2 with intensity of 65% HRR, and group 3 with intensity of 55% HRR. For analysis of findings used ANOVA test and Tukey test (P=0.05). Findings showed that there is significant difference in O2 max change in group 1 and group 3. Also Group 3 made more reduction in resting heart rate than group 1. Base on findings of current research, it deducted that for raise of O2 max, three sessions training in week with intensity of 50-55% HRR has more effects rather than one session training in week with intensity of 70-75% HRR.

The Effects of Gamma Ray Irradiation and PEG on Germination of two Varieties of Rapeseed

In order to develop nuclear energy uses in improvement of plants to dry condition and to investigate the effect of Gamma ray (800, 1000, 1200 gry and control) and PEG (-3, -6, -9 bar and control) on germination of two varieties of rapeseed (Sarigol and RGS003), an experiment was conducted in CRD design in factorial way at laboratory condition with 3 replication in 2011. The results obtained from analysis of data variance indicated that the effect of drought stress on germination percentage is significant (p<0.001). The results pertained to trait mean comparison for germination percentage on stress levels indicated that drought level with -3 bar osmotic pressure and 86.35 mean has the highest percent of germination and drought level -9 bar with 56.52 mean has the lowest one. The results of mean comparison in stress condition indicated that Gamma ray with 1000 gry dosage in all drought levels yields the highest mean which shows the beneficent effect of this dosage on resistance against drought stress. The results revealed that through application of drought stress and Gamma ray, Coefficient of Velocity of Germination on Sarigol in 1000 gry and -9 bar pressure and RGS003 in 800 gry and -9 bar pressure was in the maximum. Also Sarigol in all levels of Gamma ray in -9 bar had the most germination velocity in comparison with other drought levels. Finally it was identified that use of Gamma ray has a positive effect on resistance against the stress and 800 and 1000 gry was the best usable dosage.

Water relation, solute accumulation and cell membrane injury in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars subjected to water stress

In this investigation, three cultivars of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied for their behaviors to water limited condition. The effect of water stress on relative water content, content of proline and total soluble sugar and cell membrane injury were determined. Five drought tolerance indices were calculated based on grain yield under drought (Ys) and normal (Yp) condition. The results indicated that water deficit reduced the relative water content of the leaves and increased proline in all of the studied cultivars. The studied cultivars don’t showed a significant increase in their TSS when imposed in stress condition. Leaves of plants pre-stressed in field condition and then subjected to osmotic stress in laboratory exhibited about a % 40.5 lower membrane injury than other of not prestressed plant. The Oltan cultivar with having of the largest amount of STI and lower value of SSI and TOL recognized as a drought tolerance cultivar in compare with two other cultivars. Also, this cultivar had the highest increase in amount of proline content in water stress condition and showed not significant decrease in its leaf water content.

The effects of various yam diets on the reproductive hormones of experimental rats

White Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata) ‘Ehuru’ consumed in Ibarapa Local Government Area of Oyo State, South West region of Nigeria has been claimed to be responsible for the high incidence of multiple births in the area. This study assessed the effects of various locally prepared yam diets consumed in the study area on the reproductive hormones of experimental animals. Freshly harvested yams, purchased from local farmers, were compounded into the various yam diets. Six groups of diets which included the control which was normal rat chow (RC), a mixture of pounded yam, soup and stew (PYSS), boiled yam with stew (BYS), fried yam with stew (FYS), boiled yam with palm oil (BYPo) and boiled yam with chow (BYC) were prepared and fed to the six groups of rats respectively. The soup in PYSS was prepared with the tender leaves of Hibiscus abelmuschus (okro) known locally as ‘Ilasa’ and BYC was a mixture of equal proportion of boiled yam and rat chow. Each group had 4 female and 2 male rats, fed 20g of the diet per day/rat for 11 weeks. Water was given ad libitum. The female rats were separated on observation of pregnancy, and the feeding continued until they littered. Both the male and female rats were sacrificed after the weaning of the litters. Samples were collected from each rat by cardiac puncture using sterile syringes. Result of the hormonal profiles showed Luteinizing hormone (LH) ranging from 2.60 ± 0.12mlu/ml for RC to 6.67 ± 0.38mlu/ml for PYSS. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ranged from 12.57 ± 0.19mlu/ml for RC to 16.67 ± 0.87mlu/ml for PYSS. Prolactin levels ranged from 5.00 ± 0.31ng/ml for RC to 7.10 ± 0.61ng/ml for FYS. PYSS caused a significant elevation (P<0.05) in FSH, LH, Prolactin and estradiol in the female rats.

Comparison of Haematologial and Biochemical indices in healthy and Monogenean infected Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio

The present investigation was carried out to compare the haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy and Monogenean infected Cyprinus carpio. The haematological analysis showed significant reduction (P<0.01) in RBC, haemoglobin, haematocrit (PCV) and lymphocyte in monogenean infected fishes, whereas total leucocyte count (TLC), neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes significantly increased (P<0.01 and P<0.05) in infected test fish. The biochemical analysis showed significant reduction (P<0.01) in bilirubin content and blood glucose, SGOT and SGPT were significantly increased in the same test fish.

A brief study of diagnosis and frequency of typhoid fever incidence by Widal test

Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever requires isolation and identification of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. In many areas where this disease is endemic, laboratory capability is limited. We studied the value of the Widal tube and slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Blood donor controls were screened with a slide agglutination test for the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi O and H antigens, and positives were then tested with the Widal test. We concluded that the majority tested (51%) had an H agglutinin titre of <1/20 with 2% having a titre of 1/160. For 0 agglutinins, 31% had a titre of 1/80 and 2% had a titre of 1/160 that O and H agglutinin titers of >1/200 is of diagnostic significance. Out of 10 samples subjected to 2-mercapto-ethanol test 4 showed reductions indicating the presence of IgM antibodies and 6 sera negative for the test. Widal test can be of diagnostic value in the early stage of disease and thus help in reducing morbidity and mortality from typhoid. A false-positive may be the result of past infection with serotype Typhi or another nontyphoidal Salmonella serotype that shares common antigens.

Phytoplankton Assemblage along Gradients of the Imo River in Etche Local Government Area, Nigeria

This study identified the phytoplankton assemblage of the increasingly in-stream sand-mined Imo River in Etche, southeastern Nigeria, as bioindicators of water quality. Plankton samples were collected once monthly for 24 months (March 2007-February 2009) with net of 55 μm mesh size that was hauled horizontally along the river course for 5 minutes at 7 sampling locations. Samples were later transferred to plastic containers and fixed/preserved in a 4 % formalin solution. In the laboratory, a wide-mouthed pipette was used to withdraw 1ml of the plankton subsample and to place it on a Sedge-wick rafter-counting chamber for direct microscopy observation. Standard keys were used for species identifications. The ANOVA, means plots, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the Margalef’s species diversity index were used to analyze data. Phytoplankton comprised 43 genera and a mean density of 1859 cells/ml. The dominant phytoplankton was the Bacillariophyceae (53.25%), followed in order by Cyanophyceae (21.25%), Chlorophyceae (10.33%), Chrysophyceae (4.84%), Pyrrophyceae (4.57%), Xanthophyceae (3.39%) and Euglenophyceae (2.42%). Highest abundance was recorded in the reference sampling location 1 (527 cells/ml; 28.23%) and least abundance in location 6 (139 cells/ml; 7.45%). There was significant spatial heterogeneity in the plankton taxa [F(20.94)>Fcrit(3.94)] at P<0.05, and the diatoms and blue-green algae were most responsible for the observed inequality. The Chrysophyceans, Euglenophyceans, Cyanophyceans and Chlorophyceans formed the first and richest phytoplankton cluster. Comparatively low phytoplankton biotic diversity in the study could mostly be attributed to sand-mining-induced perturbations in water column, which exerted selective effects on the biological assemblage.

Anaesthetic activity of Phallusia nigra Savigny

Methanolic extract of the simple ascidian, Phallusia nigra Sav. was subjected to anaesthetic activity by intracutaneous wheal method. The extract, when administered at a dose of 10% and 15% caused highly significant anaesthetic activity when compared to the standard drug xylocaine (1%). The mean sleeping time and percentage relaxtion of muscle was also highly significant in the extract treated groups compared to the standard drug, Aminobarbitone.

Developmental plasticity and programming of cardiovascular function in prevention of genetic hypertension

It is becoming increasingly clear that the genetically determined program of an organism is modified in response to variable environmental conditions operating during its development. Experimental results from animal studies as well as clinical data indicate that especially the prenatal and early postnatal events can initiate long-term changes in the expression of the genetic program which persist, or may only become apparent, later in the individual’s life. The effects of early-life events are often viewed in light of pathology, as they can increase the risk for a particular disease. But alternatively, the knowledge concerning developmental plasticity may be effectively utilized in targeted programming of phenotypic properties in effort to prevent the manifestation of particular disease state in subjects with significant genetic predisposition. This review describes some of the basic mechanisms of developmental plasticity and its possible application in pharmacological prevention of hypertension development in young individuals genetically predisposed to high blood pressure.

Assessment the Effective Phytochemical and Growth Traits of Wild Collected Artemisia (Artemisia sieberi Besser subsp), Using Multivariate Statistical Methods

In this experiment, different multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to determine the effective traits on artemisia yield and essential oils content. After collecting artemisia from Ghom province, Iran, the morphology of plant was studied on 20-40 plants in each plot. Proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were also measured. Results of Pearson correlation indicated that flowering shoot yield had positive significant correlation with total shoot yield (r=0.0.90**), total dry weight (r=0.89**), total chlorophyll (r=0.67*), chlorophyll a (r=0.69*) and potassium (0.89**), and negative significant correlation with soluble sugars (r=-0.68*) and proline (r=-0.81**). Essential oil percentage was significantly correlated to Na content (r=0.74*). Results of principal component analysis showed that the four first factors contributed to 52.24%, 29.93%, 8.75% and 4.08% of the variations. Stepwise analysis also indicated that Na, Ca, Mg and soluble sugars entered to the model respectively. In path analysis, essential oil yield was considered as the dependent variable. Na content had direct positive effect (4.483) on the essential oil percentage. This trait indirectly affected essential oil percentage through Ca (-1.653), Mg (-1.928) and soluble sugars (-0.157).

Improving Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Growth and Yield by the Application of Biofertilizers

Biofertilizers, especially Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), are the most reliable replacements for the chemical ones in sustainable agroecosystems nutrient management. To study the effect of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas (strain 187) and their mixture on lettuce growth, this study was conducted in 2010 at the Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that inoculating seeds with the biofertilizers significantly increased plant height, the number of leaves, biomass, leaf area index and plant yield, compared with the control (no biofertilizer). Generally, Azospirillum was the best treatment studied in this experiment with the highest value of the measured traits. It increased plant biomass by 43.96% compared with the control.

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in fish samples by PCR assay

A total of 60 samples (25 each of fish samples and fish surface swabs and 10 dried salt fish samples) collected from various markets of Hyderabad were subjected to cultural and PCR methods for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Primers derived from hlyA and iap genes were used for the detection of Listeriolysin O and p60 respectively. Four samples (2 fish samples, 2 fish surface swabs) were positive by PCR assay, whereas only two samples (one each of fish samples and fish surface swabs) were positive by cultural methods for presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The PCR assay detected hlyA gene of L.monocytogenes in only one fish sample. The presence of this organism in seafood is a great public health concern. The results of this study suggest that PCR could be an excellent tool for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in sea foods as well as in livestock foods.

Determination of single and dual crop coefficients and ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration for canola

Determination of crop coefficient has potential advantage for proper irrigation scheduling. This research was carried out to determine the single crop coefficient (Kc), basal crop coefficient (Kcb) and the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration of canola ((Brassica napus L.) based on lysimetric data in Research Farms of the Tabriz University, Iran. Relationships of the crop coefficients Kc or Kcb, and the parameters of days after planting (DAP), degree-growing days (GDD), leaf area index (LAI), ground cover percentage (GC %) and the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) with LAI and GC% were analyzed. The values of seasonal crop ET were 582 and 550 mm in the years of 2010 and 2011, respectively. The seasonal transpiration was calculated 467 and 410 for canola in the first and second years, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum values of Kc were 1.03, 1.47 and 0.57 and of Kcb were 0.76, 1.37 and 0.0 in 2010; also these values in 2011 were 0.90, 1.24 and 0.41 for Kc and 0.64, 1.06 and 0.0 for Kcb, respectively. The value of T/ET ratio was 0.0 at the planting date and increased to 0.80 and 0.87 during the growth season in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The value of T/ET increased rapidly when LAI values were smaller than 3.0 and 2.5 in both experimental years. Finally, results obtained from the study can be used as reference data for irrigation scheduling and soil water modeling of canola.

Comparison of hepatoprotective effects of clofibrate and its novel siliconized analogue in isolated rat hepatocytes

Background and the purpose of the study: Peroxisome proliferator ligands have been found to have a hepatoprotective effect against induced injuries in hepatotoxicants. FeIII:8HQ induces oxidative stress in freshly isolated cells. The hepatoprotective effects of clofibrate and its novel siliconized analog (silafibrate) against the FeIII:8HQ complex are compared here for the first time. Methods: A siliconized analog of clofibrate synthesized by replacement of the chlorine atom in the phenoxy ring with trimethylsilyland ethyl2-methyl-2-(4- (trimethylsilyl)phenoxy)propionate was prepared. Hepatocytes were obtained from male rats by a two-step collagenase perfusion. The viability of isolated hepatocytes was evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion method. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured with the fluorescent probes2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA). Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by using Rhodamine 123 fluorescence. Results: Incubation of hepatocytes with low to moderately toxic doses of silafibrate (200, 250, 400, and 500 μM) for 3 hours did not evoke a notable toxic response in three time-repeated experiments. However, higher doses (1, 2mM) have significant toxicity in Trypan blue exclusion cell viability experiments. Mitochondrial membrane potential decrease was prevented by pretreatment of hepatocytes with clofibrate and/or silafibrate, 20 minutes before adding FeIII:8HQ complexes (I, II). 100 μM clofibrate protected hepatocytes against FeIII: 8HQ induced ROS production, whereas silafibrate with 100, 200, and 400 μM strongly inhibited ROS production. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that fibrates have an in vitro hepatoprotective effect against oxidative stress. Silafibrate, the novel analog, has a better effect in protection against oxidative stress in comparison with clofibrate.

The effects of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on explosive power and agility

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) training on feet explosive power and agility among female students. Forty participants (age, 21.9 ± 3.95 yrs; weight, 58.52 ± 10.16 kg; height, 164.6 ± 5.50 cm) selected for this study. The subjects were randomized in two groups included experimental group (N=20) and control group (N=20). Experimental group performed PNF stretching protocol for 8 weeks, 3 times per week and at least 2 minutes after warm up. The control group didn’t participate in PNF protocol. The subjects measured in two sessions before and after training sessions. The results of the study revealed that a significantly improvement in PNF Stretching protocol compared to the control group in explosive power. This study was design to ascertain whether survey the effects of PNF Stretching protocol on vertical Jump and T test performances in female students. The finding of the study provide evidence that PNF stretching leads to more explosive power and no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in agility in subjects is detected.

Manipulation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) growth and its effect on some characteristics by pruning of lateral branches

The choice of a suitable system such as pruning is an important factor for achieving a profitable balance between labor costs and crop yield without loss of quality. A field trial was conducted for manipulation of castor bean growth by pruning and its effect on some characteristics at the Agricultural Research Station of Saatlo in Urmia, Iran, during 2010 growing season. The experiment was a split-plot design, arranged in randomized complete block with three replications. Main plots including four varieties of castor bean (i.e. 80-23, 80-29, 80-12-1, and 80-17), and sub plots including three types of pruning (i.e. no pruning, pruning of 2 lateral branches, and pruning of four lateral branches). The plant characteristics were studied in terms of number of capsules in primary raceme, secondary raceme length, number of branches per plant, weight of capsules per plant, days from planting to emergence of secondary raceme and oil percent. Results of the data review showed that, the effect of the varieties was significant on most of the traits and the effect of the pruning was significant just on the days from planting to emergence of secondary raceme trait. Also, the effect of interaction between two factors (variety and pruning) was significant on number of capsules in primary raceme and number of branches per plant. Based on our results, manipulation of castor bean growth showed different response on some characteristics.

Patterns of crop diversification in Indian scenario

Patterns of crop diversification of modern agricultural technology, especially during the period of the Green Revolution in the late sixties and early seventies, there is a continuous surge for diversified agriculture in terms of crops, primarily on economic considerations. Indian agriculture is increasingly getting influenced more and more by economic factors. This need not be surprising because irrigation expansion, infrastructure development, penetration of rural markets, development and spread of short duration and drought resistant crop technologies have all contributed to minimizing the role of non- economic factors in crop choice of even small farmers. What is liberalization and globalization policies are also going to further strengthen the role of price related economic incentives in determining crop composition both at the micro and macro levels. Obviously, such a changing economic environment will also ensure that government price and trade policies will become still more powerful instruments for directing area allocation decisions of farmers, aligning thereby the crop pattern changes in line with the changing demand-supply conditions. In a condition where agricultural growth results more from productivity improvement than from area expansion, the increasing role that price related economic incentives play in crop choice can also pave the way for the next stage of agricultural evolution where growth originates more and more from value- added productions.

Histochemical studies on the induced toxicity of Pan masala on various organs of Swiss mice and the protective effect of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Significant increase in the histochemical parameters and serum variables was observed in the pan masala treated mice. The target organs in the present study were liver, kidney and testes which all showed severe damage as observed by the abnormal rise in Acid phosphatase, Alkaline phosphatase and Lactate dehydrogenase activity. The level of GOT and GPT was measured in liver as well as serum where its elevated value marked liver impairement. There was a significant rise in serum protein, calcium, triglyceride, glucose and creatinine after 36 weeks exposure of pan masala in Swiss mice. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton showed a promising effect by lowering down the elevated abnormal rise in enzymatic activity and serum parameters.

Blood stream infection in a teaching hospital

Blood stream infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Etiology of this infection also varies with the geographical location, antibiotic practices. Aim of the present study is to identify the type of organisms isolated from blood culture as well as to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. During January 2011 to December 2011, a total of 479 blood samples were cultured in the Department of Microbiology, IMS & Sum Hospital. Positive blood cultures were subjected to appropriate identification methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was then undertaken according to CLSI guidelines. Positive growth was seen in 126 (26.3 %) samples. Most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (92 cases, 73 %) followed by Acinetobacter (14 cases, 11%). Of the staphylococcus isolates 26% were resistant to Oxacilin. Thus it is concluded that there is a rising incidence of Staphylococcal as well as Acinetobacter septicemia replacing the common pathogens like E.coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas. The cause and risk factor for this alarming trend has to be looked into.

Vitamin H and their role in ruminant: A Review

Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or Coenzyme R, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin founded withe Bateman in 1916. It is composed of an uredo ring fused by a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetra hydrothiophene ring. Biotin is a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and it plays a role in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is vital for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It plays a role in the citric acid cycle, that is the process with which biochemical energy is generated during aerobic respiration. Biotin not only assists in diversion metabolic reactions but also helps to transfer carbon dioxide. Biotin may also be helpful in keeping a steady blood sugar level. Biotin is often advocated for strengthening hair and nails. As a consequence, it is found in many cosmetics and health products for the hair and skin, though it cannot be absorbed through the hair or skin itself. Biotin scarcity is rare because, in general, intestinal bacteria produce biotin in excess of the body's daily requirements. For which reason, statutory agencies in many countries, for example the USA and Australia, don't prescribe an advocated daily intake of biotin. Therefore, a number of metabolic disorders in that an individual's metabolism of biotin is abnormal exist. Incidence of biotin scarcity has-been found occasionally when humans and animals have consumed excessive quantities of raw eggs that contain a biotin completing factor (avidin). Likewise, biotin scarcity is reported in children by inborn errors of metabolism when there are insufficient biotin-dependent enzymes. Such cases in children respond dramatically to high-level dietary supplementations by biotin.

The study of medicinal plants usage trough urban green space

There are defferent climates in Iran so the diversity of medicinal plants is also much. Using theses species in the green space increase the diversity of them and their ecotypes (in terms of color, form, size and consistency), increase the success factor of projects and flexibility of design. Medicinal plants essence in the green space is the sign of the high ability of climate and cultural features of the region. Planting herbs in green space causes that people know them and get some information about them. Dedicating Green space of educational environments such as schools, colleges, universities and research departments to the medicinal plants' cultivation improves researching on medicinal plants' features that shows the compatiability of these plants. One of the effective ways in controling soil erosion is overlaying the remnants of Medicinal Plants before their fallows. Thus, medicinal plants are also very capable on giving ecological services. Some herbs have good tolerance to salinity, drought and alkaline of soil, intense solar radiation conditions, marshy y land, and pruning and so on...

Yield performance of Pleurotus sajor- caju on different agro-based wastes

Pleurotus sajor-caju, a nutrient rich mushroom was cultivated on four different substrates, viz. Paddy straw, Wheat straw, Apple leaf and Chinar leaf substrates. It was observed that its yield or biological efficiency was maximum on Paddy straw followed by Wheat straw, Apple leaves and Chinar leaves. It was also observed that P. sajor-caju gave the maximum yield in the first flush followed by second, third and fourth flush except in case of Chinar leaves where the yield obtained in second flush was comparatively higher than first flush.

Comparing nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate peels for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and estimation of nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate peel using in vitro gas production technique. The experimental samples were incubated in vitro with rumen liquor taken from three fistulated Iranian native (Taleshi) steers at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results showed that although there is significant differences between gas production volume of dried and ensiled samples at early incubation times (2, 4, 6 and 8 h), the significant differences was not observed at further incubation times. The gas volume at 24 h incubation, were 45.71 and 45.17 ml/200mg DM for dried and ensiled pomegranate peels, respectively. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) of both treatments were similar (57.29%, 8.61 MJ/kg DM, 4.67 MJ/kg DM, 1.03 mmol for dried samples and 57.18%, 8.58 MJ/kg DM, 4.83 MJ/kg DM, 1.02 mmol for ensiled samples, respectively). In conclusion, it can be suggest that both preservation methods (drying and ensiling) have similar effect on nutritive value of pomegranate peel for ruminants.

Challenges facing nomads with drought in Southern Iran

This research was anticipated that would be exploratory, aiming to derive the component structure of management strategies of drought in Nomads. In quantitative phase of the study, a questionnaire was developed. Prior to the application of exploratory component analysis, two checks of internal reliability and validity were undertaken. In order to measure the reliability, Cronbach Alpaha coefficient was calculated 0.89. Face and content validity of the instrument were established, refined using an expert panel. The total populations of Nomads in Jiroft Township located in southern of Kerman Province according to summer quarters were 2764 families, of whom 92 families were selected using stratified sampling with proportional to size (n=92). Totally 83 families were surveyed. Time delimitation of the study was the late of 2007 until 2010. Finally the component structure of management strategies of drought in the Nomads explained via exploratory factor analysis. In the first stage four components could explain 69 percent of the variation in the data scores. These components are: Risk Management of Water, Crisis Management, The Last Attempt to Survive and Nutrition Management of Livestock. In the second stage only one latent variable was extracted as drought management.

The study of pharmacologic and medicinal valuation of thymoquinone of oil of Nigella sativa in the treatment of diseases

Nigella sativa is an annual plant which belongs to southwest Asia. It grows up to 20-30cm, with divided and linear (not thread-like) leaves. Its flowers are delicate, and usually pale blue and white, with 5-10 petals. The fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of 3-7 follicles and each contains numerous seeds. The seed is used as a spice. Ns has been used in medicinal purposes for centuries as a herb and sometimes as oil, in Asia, Middle East, and Africa in order to treat ailments including asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases, increasing milk production in nursing mothers, promoting digestion and fighting parasitic infections, health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver functions, circulatory and immune system support, as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ant allergic, antioxidants, anticancer, antiviral and for general well-being. Its oil has been used in order to treat skin conditions such as eczema and boils and cold symptoms. Medicinal plants widely are used in traditional medicine in order to avoid major effects caused by chemical drugs. The black seeds of Ns contain nonvolatile (30%>) and volatile oil (45-40%). And thymoquinone is the main component of this oil. In different countries the black seed is used in traditional medicine in order to treat diseases such as hypertension, blood pressure, fat diseases, reduction asthma and diarrhea, rheumatism and infectious diseases against nematodes and cestodes (tape worms), anti-malaria, tumors and cancers disinfectant. This article reviews the pharmacology of the oil of TQ of Ns in treating diseases.

Investigation on flowering phenology of Brassicaceae in the Shanjan region Shabestar district, NW Iran (usage for honeybees)

Identification of plants distribution honey plants in an area are very important and necessary for the Apiculture and Nectar production plays an important role in the pollination of flowering plants. The aim of this research was determine flowering duration and delay for seven plants of Brassicaceae family Shanjan Rangeland [Aethionema arabicum, Alyssum bracteatum, Alyssum linifolium , Alyssum longistylum, Alyssum marginatum , Conringia perfoliata, Erysimum crassipes]. This research was conducted in Shanjan Rangeland with elevation between 1600 m to 2050 m with SW aspect in Shabestar district, East Azerbaijan, Iran in spring and summer 2011. For sampling, we used an accidental sampling methodology (1*1 m quadrate) in this research and selected 10 samples in each 8 stations separately. Difference elevation was 55 m between each station. There are about 9 days delay for each 110 m elevation deference for flowering start of Aethionema arabicum, Alyssum bracteatum, Alyssum linifolium , Alyssum longistylum, Alyssum marginatum , Conringia perfoliata, Erysimum crassipes, respectively.

Microbes of public health significance in shrimps at Kakinada port area

A study was undertaken to detect the incidence of pathogens of Public Health significance in three varieties of shrimps (flower, White and Tiger) at Kakinada port area in market as well as processing centres samples. Five stages of processing i.e. head removal, sizing and grading, final rinse, arrangement and water filling and packing were selected for analysis. The incidence of Salmonella in samples from market and processing centres is high in flower (36% and 22%), low in tiger (24% and 14%) and moderate in white (28% and 18%). The incidence during processing reduced after first step, remained same after second step and reduced afterwards reaching 8% in all the three varieties. The Staphylococcus aureus counts were (3.9x105 and 4.1x103), (5.8x105 and 5.4x103) and (4.6x105 and 4.8x103) respectively for market and processing centres and after final step of processing the counts were 2.0,2.2 and 2.1x103 in tiger, flower and white. The incidence of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in market samples are high in flower (6% and 32%), low in Tiger (4% and 26%) and moderate in White (4% and 28%). The incidence is zero for Vibrio cholerae in processing centres and Vibrio parahaemolyticus is 24%, 16% and 20% for flower. The incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus remained the same after first and second steps, reduced during further steps reaching 12%, 8% and 6% in Flower, White and Tiger shrimps respectively.

Formation of repaired hyaline cartilage using PDGF-treated chondrocyte/PCL construct in rabbit knee articular cartilage defect

Articular cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue which is populated exclusively with chondrocytes [1, 2]. The injured cartilage has a restricted capacity for self repair due to lack of vascularity and scarce number of cells [3], if the damaged cartilage is left untreated, over a period of time progresses to arthritis associated with pain, joint dysfunction and ultimately disability [4, 5]. Conventional surgical procedures for treatment of articular cartilage damages includes abrasion, drilling, debridements, microfracture techniques or arthroscopic shaving that result in the formation of fibrocartilage with abnormal biochemical composition and biomechanical properties [6]. Implantation of in vitro manipulated chondrocytes into articular cartilage defects was first presented by Brittberg et al. [7]. This procedure which described as aotologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) involves cartilage harvesting, chondrocyte isolation, in vitro expansion and delivery of cells into defect site which is believed to result in hyaline-like cartilage formation suitable for normal joint functions [8].