ARCHIVES OF APPLIED SCIENCE RESEARCH 2011 : Volume 3 : Issue 4

Histological Studies of the Cardiotoxicity of Artesunate in Wistar Rats

Artesunate is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin (Qinghaosu), an ancient Chinese fever medicine, which is now widely used as an antimalaria. The histological effects of normal and double normal dose of artesunate on the heart in Wistar rats were studied. The rats were divided into three groups (A, B and C) of five rats each. A and B served as the treatment groups, while C served as the control group. Group A rats were given 4mg/kg body weight (b.w) of artesunate daily for 3 days followed by 2mg/kg b.w daily for next 4 days. Group B rats were given 8mg/kg/kg b.w of artesunate daily for 3 days followed by 4mg/kg b.w daily for next 4 days, while group C rats were given only distilled water. On day eight of the experiment, the rats were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The hearts were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H and E method showed normal histological features in all the groups. Our study therefore suggests that artesunate at normal and double normal dose has no effects on the histology of the heart in wistar rats.

Confirmation of seeds polysaccharide structure of Cassia hirsuta Linn. plant by periodate oxidation studies

Cassia hirsuta Linn. seeds yielded a water soluble polysaccharide as D-galactose and Dmannose in 1:4 molar ratio by alkaline hypoiodite method on paper chromatogram. Reactions of the periodate oxidation is one of the most important in the structure determination of seeds polysaccharide in carbohydrate chemistry. Periodate oxidation method was done with sodium metaperiodate as oxidant and it was proposed by Malaprade and Flurry & Lange‘s method. The mole of periodate consumption and formic acid liberation during periodate oxidation reaction of seeds polysaccharide was determined volumetrically. Composition and probable polysaccharide structures have also been elucidated with the information obtained from periodate oxidation of seeds polysaccharide. After complete periodate oxidation reaction, it consumed 1.13 moles of oxidant with simultaneous liberation of 0.23 moles of formic acid per mole of anhydrohexose sugar unit of the polymer chain after 30 hrs. Formic acid appear is to be originating from the reducing as well as non - reducing terminal unit of D-galactose and D-mannose are of (1®6)-a- type at non-reducing end while (1®4)-b-type at main polymer chain between D-mannose residues.

Extension workers’ access to climate information and sources in Edo State Nigeria

This study examined access of Agricultural Extension Workers in Edo State Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) to climate information sources. All the 47 Extension workers in the ADP constituted the respondents for the study. The findings showed that 51.06% of the respondents were males, 85.11% were married, about 55.32% were between 40- 49 years old and 61.7% had over 10years working experience. Majority (68.08%) of the respondents belonged to the Extension Agent (EA) cadre. The climate change observations considered to be prevalent by most of the respondents were increase in pest and disease infestation (95.7%), erosion (91.5%), flooding (89.4%) and excessive heat (76.6%). More than 40% of the respondents accessed climate information on climate parameters and their applications to agricultural practices. The most frequently accessed formal sources were local radio (mean=3.04), national radio (mean=2.98) and national television (mean=2.52) while the informal sources were farmers/client system (mean=2.64), personal assessment (mean=2.62) family and friends (mean=2.55). Major constraints to accessing climate information include inadequate funding (mean=2.64) and irregular power supply (mean=2.53). There were positive but non significant relationships between respondents’ personal characteristics and access to climate information sources; age (r=0.208), education (r=0.120) and working experience (r=0.100). There was significant difference in respondents access of formal and informal climate information sources (t=2.043; p=0.000). It was recommended among others that climate information should be institutionalized, regulated, coordinated and applied/related to local agricultural activities on a regular basis for extension workers to access.

Thermoelectric Properties of Indium Doped Lead Selenide Thin Films Deposited by Vacuum Evaporation Technique

Pb0.8In0.2Se thin films were prepared on glass substrate by vacuum evaporation technique at a pressure of 10-5 torr. The thermoelectric properties of the films was determined over the thickness range of 1000 Ǻ, 1500 Ǻ, 2000 Ǻ, 2500 Ǻ and 3000 Ǻ. Thermoelectric properties shows a positive sign exhibiting P- type semiconductig nature of films. Fermi energy and scattering parameter were determined. The estimated values of Fermi energy and scattering parameter are 0.02 eV to 0.16 eV and 0.26 to 0.143 respectively. The XRD analysis confirms that the deposited films are nanocrystalline having grain size 4.428 to 48.00 nm.

The role of knowledge management and E-learning in professional development

The rapidly growing use of technology in education is changing the way in which knowledge is produced, stored and distributed. Online education has already been accepted as the way of the future; knowledge may be distributed across both time and space. Knowledge Management (KM) techniques can be used to capture, organize and deliver this knowledge and management systems can be used to quickly identify the most relevant information and distribute it to meet specific needs. In this paper, light is shed on the basic concepts of KM and e-learning. A discussion on how KM and e-learning can be integrated and leveraged for effective online education and training is presented.

A study of substituded dihydroformazan in predicting the acoustical and its allied properties in different solvents at 288.15K

Densities, speed of sound and viscosity were measured for substituted dihydroformazan in different solvents like 88% DMF-water and 88% DMSO-water medium at 288.15K. A quantitative relationship has been established among the thermodynamic properties like acoustical impedance, sound velocity, internal pressure, adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume etc. The results obtained are very much comparable and in good agreement. A molecular interaction study has also been made successfully in the light of these acoustical properties.

A Comparative Spectroscopic Study of Ethylene & Benzene by using U(2) Lie Algebra

In this paper the normal mode of vibrational energy levels of ethylene & benzene molecules are studied by U(2) Lie algebra. Its application to ethylene & benzene are presented with fewer algebraic fitting parameters. Here each bond of the molecule is replaced by a corresponding Lie algebra and finally the Hamiltonian is constructed considering the interacting Casimir and Majorana operators. The normal modes of vibrational energy levels of these molecules are calculated and hence compared by considering the local Hamiltonian of Morse potential using the U(2) algebra.

Evaluation of the metal contaminations in the surface sediments of the Oubeira lagoon, National park of El Kala, Algeria

The anthropic impact activities on the water quality of the Oubeira lagoon, trace elements of the water and sediments were investigated. Sediment samplings points in the Oubeira lagoon were analyzed in order to determine the trace elements of some metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The sampling was occurred in two different stations of the lagoon in seasonal manner; and was established by a 4 taking away campaigns of surface sediments, during a year between 2007/2008. The evaluation of the contamination metal level of the sediments was carried out using the application of the index of contamination (I c). The variation space-time of the content in different metals reveals the presence of a contamination dominated by the iron. Therefore, the transposition problem of this contamination towards the embouchures and to its immediate environment remains unclear by considering certain natural phenomena such as the big rains and maregraphic dynamics.

Impact on physico-chemical characteristics of soil after irrigation with distillery effluent

The effect of seven rates viz. 0 (control), 5, 10 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml/Kg of treated distillery effluent on the physico-chemical properties of soils was studied under natural environment in pot experiment. The characteristics of the soil were determined before and after 12 weeks of effluent irrigation. The results revealed that the 100% concentration of distillery effluent decreased BD (5.63%) and pH (16.67%) and increased moisture content (30.82%),WHC (16.41%), and EC (84.13%), ECEC (160.67%), Cl- (292.38%), OC (3811.63%), HCO3 -(27.76%), CO3 -2 (43.58%), Na+ (273.01%), K+ (31.59%), Ca2+ (729.77%), Mg2+ (740.47%), Fe2+ (301.90%), TKN (1390.63%), NO3 2- (98.02%), PO4 3- (337.80%), SO4 2- (77.79%), Zn (333.33%), Cd (565.00%), Cu (417.57%), Pb (1487.50%) and Cr (1365.38%) in comparison to control irrigated soil. The distillery effluent concentrations showed significant (P<0.001) effect on EC, pH, Cl-,OC, HCO3 -, CO3 -2, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, TKN, NO3 2-, PO4 3- and SO4 2-, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr and insignificant (P>0.05) effect on, moisture content, WHC and bulk density after effluent irrigation when compared to control. The enrichment factor of various micronutrients was in order of Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Zn after amended with distillery effluent.

Synthesis and Characterization of Proton Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cell Technology

Solid polymer Electrolytes plays important role in the working of fuel cell. Proton conducting electrolyte synthesized using different composition of polyvinyl alcohol and ammonium acetate such as 80:20, and 87.5:12.5 by solution cast technique. Different characterization were carried out such as, Micro-hardness testing, Forier transformation I-R spectrometry(FTIR) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC), These complexes found thermal stability of up to 200 0C

Studies on the nucleation kinetics and growth of tu-SCN ligand based NLO crystal of TMTZ

Investigations on nucleation thermodynamical parameters are very essential for the successful growth of good quality single crystals. The metastable zone-width studies have been carried out for organometallic crystals of Tetrathiourea mercury (II) tetrathiocyanato zincate (II) (TMTZ) for different temperature range. The induction period measurements were done and the critical nucleation parameters were evaluated based on the classical theory of homogenous nucleation and the results will be discussed. The interfacial energy values for TMTZ were determined for different super saturation ratio. The growth parameters of TMTZ were optimized for the growth of large size crystals.

Bacteriological, mineral and radioactive contents of leachate samples from dumpsite of Ekiti State Government Destitute Centre in Ado-Ekiti

The leachate samples from the Ekiti-State Government Destitute Centre used by the Ekiti State Waste Management Board [EKWMB] Ado-Ekiti were subjected to bacteriological, mineral and radioactive analyses. The bacteria were isolated using serial dilution procedure and pour plate method. Biochemical tests like catalase, citrate and so on were used to identify the isolated organisms. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method was used to analyze the heavy metal contents in the leachate samples. Natural radioactivity content of soil samples from the dumpsite was also determined using a NaI(Tl)-based gamma counting system. The total bacteria and coliform counts ranged from 70.6 x 107 CFU/ml to 7.3 x 108 CFU/ml and 39.9 x 107 CFU/ml to 1.9 x 108 CFU/ml respectively. There is significant difference at P <0.05 between total bacteria and coliform count base on period of sample collection whereas there is no significance between total bacteria and coliform based on points of collection. The isolated bacteria and percentage occurrence includes; Escherichia spp (32%), Enterobacter spp (18%), Klebsiella spp (14%), Bacillus spp (12%), Enterococcus spp (9%), Salmonella spp (6%), Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus spp (4%). The mineral value ranged as follow; zinc (0.001mg/L–0.02mg/L), lead (0.001mg/L-0.002mg/L), copper (0.001mg/L–0.02mg/L), cobalt (0.001mg/L- 0.02mg/L) and in all samples mercury was not detected. Mean concentrations of 974±67, 35±3 and10±2 Bq kg-1 were obtained for 40K, 226Ra (238U) and 208Tl (232Th) respectively. The average absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose equivalent amounted to 63nGy h-1 and 0.08 mSv y-1 respectively. These values did not constitute any radiological burden to human population. All the organisms exhibited a high level of resistance to most of the antibiotics used. There is urgent need for awareness to be created about the present situation of the leachate to alert the communities living around the area on the need for treatment of the stream before they can be used for drinking and other domestic uses.

Characterization and anti microbial properties from the sea anemones [Heteractics magnifica and Stichodactyla mertensii] toxins

Sea anemones are rich sources of biologically active substances and the present finding describes the toxic proteins obtained from the sea anemones, Heteractics magnifica and Stichodactyla mertensii. The toxic activities were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the results showed protein bands with an apparent molecular weight of both the species. To assess the toxic activity of the venom, bioassays were carried out and to evaluate the effect of toxin, toxicity assay was also determined for in-vivo study using Ocypod crab, Ocypoda macrocera. The hemolytic activities were also tested from the two crude extracts for chick, goat and human blood erythrocytes respectively. Further, the percentage inhibition of sea anemones extracts on the growth of the human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were also studied. The results obtained from the above experiment were discussed in this paper.

Speciation of Trace Metals in Certain Groundwater in Egypt

Several groundwater samples were analyzed in terms of drinking water quality, the groundwater samples were collected and tested for particle quality. The major elements and heavy metals in six groundwater samples were analyzed. A metal may be found in a number of different forms, such as soluble and/or complex forms. The free metal activity has been shown to be the key factor in determining metal toxicity. MinteqA2 code version 3.0 is a geochemical code was used to compute distribution of the dissolved metals in a certain groundwater samples in Egypt.. Speciation of the metal; Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Al, Sr, Co, Cd and Pb were calculated. Sr, Co, Cd and Pb are the most toxic metals. Concentrations of these metal are found exceed the standard limit values. The free of the metals Sr, Ca, Co, Cd. specie constitute the major part of the dissolved metal ions. Meanwhile most of Pb species were found as Pb-carbonate. The electrostatic adsorption of these metal ions was calculated at low ionic strength. The surface ionic charge and the electrical potential of binding the metal with the soil surface sites has been calculated.

Sorption studies of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using nanochitosan-carboxymethyl cellulose blend

The removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions has been investigated using nanochitosan(NC)/carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) blend under different experimental conditions of initial chromium concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. The adsorption data have been explained in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The sorption kinetics was tested for the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order reaction. The results revealed that the adsorptions of Cr(VI) onto NC/CMC blend, was found to fit well with the Freundlich isotherm. The rate constants of sorption for kinetic models were calculated and good correlation coefficients obtained for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results indicate that under the optimum conditions, the NC/CMC blend was found as an effective adsorbent for chromium.

An assessment of heavy metals in sediments from two tributaries of lower stretch of Hugli estuary in West Bengal

Sediments from two tributaries (Haldi and Rupnarayan) of lower stretch of Hugli estuary were analysed for Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Iron, and Cobalt. Average concentration of Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu, and Cd in sediments from Haldi river was 22.4, 13.9, 11.8, 48.7, 17.0, 1.3 mg/kg respectively and the concentration of Fe was 2.01 %. On the other hand average concentration of Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu, Cd in Rupnarayan river sediments was 22.4, 14.3, 11.8, 49.5, 15.1, 1.6 mg/kg and the concentration of Fe was 1.72 %, respectively. A variable correlation coefficient was observed between the metals. The average Pollution Load Index (PLI) of heavy metals in the sediments of both the rivers was 0.50. The concentrations of heavy metals determined in this study were found to be lower than earth’s background and sediment quality guideline values. The heavy metals in these tributaries do not reflect any severity of contamination.

Comparative Test Analysis of Petroleum (Diesel and Gasoline) Soots as Potential Sources of Toxic Metals from Exhausts of Power Plants

Soot samples from Diesel (D1-6) and Gasoline (G1-6) based engines were investigated for the presence of occluded toxic metals which may fragment or volatilizes into the near atmosphere through air current. AAS analysis revealed that while the Cd2+ level in raw Gasoline (Gr) amount to 10.708ppm, over 90% could have volatilized out, leaving an estimated value of 0.932±2.852ppm in the soot. Almost all available Cd2+ escaped leaving a non detectable limit as against 3.316ppm in raw diesel. The sources of the estimated lead (Pb) in the soot could not be traced to the original gasoline (Gr =0.00ppm). Other investigated parameters include acidic pH for both samples, High conductivity for diesel soot and fairly high bulk density for Gasoline soot. Generally presumed volatility level of some of these metals in the soot is an indication that fragmented soot could contribute to environmental pollution of heavy metal.

Optical properties of Ge-Se-In Amorphous Composites

The effect on the optical and physical properties with the addition of In content viz. Constraint, heat of atomization, optical energy gap and the energetic parameter of Ge10Se90-xInx ( x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at %) glassy are theoretically. From heat of atomization data Optical gap has been determined. For the present glassy alloy it has been found that average coordination(), no .of constraints(N), heat of atomization(Hs), glass forming ability, optical band gap(Eg) and energetic parameter(A) are increases with increase of In content while lone-pair electrons(L) and the fraction of zero frequency mode(f) decreases.

Reclamation of waste water

Water is a precious natural resource without which life cannot exist. As it is available in fixed quantum thus reclamation of this natural resource is very essential to meet the requirement of continuously increasing population. Without effective planning and management per capita availability of utilizable water is going down. The increasing gap between water available to water require, highlight the importance of waste water reclamation. Reclamation of waste water is not only includes the sewage reclamation but also done for domestic waste water and industrial waste water. Effluents discharged by the industrial and domestic applicants is reclaim to produce an environmently safe water for living being and reuse for non potable application. Water reclamation is also a very effective tool in controlling the water pollution and conservation. In view f above the present study was taken up to reclaim the waste water of textile plants and making it useful for non potable purpose.

The barriers of higher education in the African countries of Zambia and Tanzania

Higher education plays a vital role in the nation’s development. The Higher education which means above secondary school starts from graduate level. The South African countries of Zambia and Tanzania have taken for the study as one of the researchers is serving in the study area. The sampling is purposive or judgmental sampling of 50 was used in this study and 25 participants were selected in each country who are graduate students and academicians. The questionnaire was converted into numerical data state in order to assess the intensity of barriers. Barriers to Higher education with reference to Gender, Location, Educational qualification of the parent, Marital status, Income level of the family, Age and type of the Institution of a candidate is analyzed. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software. The appropriate results were drawn to Alarm and address the Government policy makers, NGO’s, Heads of the Higher education Institutions and researchers to find the reasonable solution to meet the great challenges of the African countries.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria spp. Isolated from Patients with Recurrent Cough in Cross River State, Nigeria

A study on bacterial species associated with recurrent cough was carried out using Standard Microbiological Techniques [SMT] and their susceptibility to some commonly available antibiotics was evaluated using Disc Diffusion method [DDM]. The prevalence of bacteria spp. isolated were as follows: Streptococcus pneumonia [20.4%], Streptococcus pyogenes [12.5%], Staphylococcus aureus [18.5%], Klebsiella pneumonia [20.5%], Escherichia coli [7.7%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [6.6%], Haemophilus influenza [0.1%] and Corynebacterium diphtheria [13.7%]. The susceptibility patterns varied from one bacterial isolates to the other depending on the drug used. Streptococcus pneumoniae was 100% resistant to chloramphenicol, 95.6% resistant to cloxacillin and 84.8% resistant to tetracycline. Haemophilus influenzae was 100% resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, cloxacillin and cotrimoxazole. 50% of the bacterial spp were resistant to the other antibiotics used except flouroquinolones. Klebsiella pneumoniae was 100% resistant to both tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Some of the bacteria exhibited multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR). However, this results show that the most efficacious antibiotics for the treatment of patients with recurrent cough were sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin due to the high level of some resistance of the bacterial spp. associated with recurrent cough to other commercial sold drugs.

Fluoride, iron and nitrate contaminated drinking water in Kamrup district, Assam, India

Drinking water quality with respect to fluoride, iron, and nitrate content has been carried out in Kamrup district of Assam, India. Forty six different sampling stations were selected for the study. Iron was analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrometer, Perkin Elmer AA 200, while fluoride was measured by the SPADNS method at 570nm and Nitrate content was measured by the phenol-disulphonic acid method at 410nm using a UV–VIS spectrometer, Shimadzu 1240 model. The study revealed that the water sources in the area are heavily polluted with iron, and fluoride. Statistical analysis of the data is presented to determine the distribution pattern, localization of data and other related information. Statistical observations imply nonuniform distribution of the studied parameters with a long asymmetric tail either on the right or left side of the median.

Genotype x Environment Interaction and seed yield Stability in Cultivated okra using the Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype and Genotype X Environment interaction (GGE)

Twenty nine okra accessions sourced from different agro-ecological regions in Nigeria were tested for stability and performance in four environments between 2006 and 2008 using Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and Genotype main effect and Genotype by Environment (GGE) models. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. Both AMMI and GGE biplots identified three common genotypes that were overall best in performance in relation to yield and stability. This suggests that for reliability and optimum result it is better to combine the result of the two analytical tools for yield and stability in the recommendation of genotypes to farmers. Both AMMI and GGE models identified LD88/1-8-5-2(G7), 47-4(G17) and NH88/1-8-16-2(G25) as the best accessions for cultivation across seasons because they combined stability and above average yield. Similarly both AMMI and GGE models identified Abeokuta dry season as more stable and ideal for okra genetic evaluation, while Abeokuta rainy season was the most unstable but gave better mean performance. CCN2005/1 (10.92 g/plant) and Clemson spineless (7.72 g/plant) had the least yield and less stable, hence unsuitable for cultivation across seasons. OSADEP Purple tall and NH99/9 were most adapted to Abeokuta rainy season.

The critical analysis of various image fusion techniques for enhanced image features interpretation in remote sensing applications

Multi sensor data fusion technique combines data and information from multiple sensors to achieve improved accuracies and better inference about the environment than single sensor. The paper presents an objective evaluation of three image fusion techniques. The fusions techniques based on Brovey Transform, Integration of substitution (IHS), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using additive Wavelet (WT) was performed. The fused image is evaluated in 1:50000 scale. From visual aspect, the spatial and spectral resolutions of all the images have been enhanced compared with the source MS images. The result of fusion using IHS (both cylindrical and triangular models) fusion has more spatial resolution as compared to the other fusion methods although they exhibit color distortion for vegetation cover. The DWT fusion gave the optimum spectral enhancement when the level used was three. At higher levels, the color fades gradually. The IHS with DWT causes color distortion in the fused image, whereas the additive wavelet based fusion method preserves the original spectral content.

Synthesis of 1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]imidazolidin-2-imine

Imidacloprid is reduced by activated Fe in conc. HCl to obtain a dis-nitro imidacloprid, and further characterized by IR, PMR and LC-MS/MS spectral analysis.

The thermal performance of an educational office building in Ghana

The thermal performance of an educational office building which exhibits sustainable design principles of passive architecture (emphasis on the use of natural ventilation) was studied. The main aim of the study was to investigate the thermal conditions, ventilation possibilities and preference for office type in the building. The building has individual cell and open-plan office spaces with different orientation and ventilation possibilities (cross, one-sided and borrowed ventilation). Data loggers were installed to monitor the environmental conditions existing in the building during the rainy season. The evaluated data showed that the indoor temperatures were comfortable (mean of 25°C), the relative humidity values were mostly high (80 - 85%) and the dew point temperature (22°C) was found to be close to the recommended minimum comfort temperature. Moreover, the enclosed corridor space was found to be warmer than the adjacent office spaces during the day time. The use of cool night air as a passive cooling strategy is recommended. Preference for office types with ventilation possibilities could not be statistically recommended since all the evaluated thermal values showed insignificant deviations.

Effect of dichromate addition on the electrical properties of KDP crystals

With an aim of discovering new useful materials KDP single crystals added with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in six different molecular ratios have been grown from respective aqueous solutions by the free evaporation method. Dielectric measurements were carried out on all the six grown crystals with a fixed frequency of 1kHz at various temperatures ranging from 50-150°C along a- and c- directions by using the parallel plate capacitor method . The chromium atom content determined through AAS method confirms the presence of chromate ion in the crystal. The present study indicates that the dielectric parameters increase with the increase in temperature, but do not vary systematically with respect to impurity concentration. Also it indicates that 0.4 mole% dichromate addition to KDP leads to low er value dielectrics.

Predonation testing of potential blood donors for hepatitis B virus infection: approach to blood safety in Cape Coast, Ghana

Blood transfusions carry risks of untoward reactions, including the transmission of infections, such as hepatitis B. But about 50% of these blood donors and blood recipients have had natural exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and therefore perceived to have natural immunity against HBV. In view of this, the need for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing of blood donors before donation has often been over looked. This has resulted in about 50% of blood donors not going through screening for HBsAg in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the potential risk of acquiring transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B infection in the Cape Coast, Ghana. A total of three hundred and thirty nine potential blood donors were screened for HBsAg using a rapid test (1–2 IU ml-1sensitivity) (Determine, Abbott Laboratories). A total of 33 of the subjects were reactive, representing a prevalence of 9.7%. Prevalence among males and females were 10.5% and 8.9% respectively. Subjects who were between the ages of 22 and 25 years recorded the highest reactive cases of 48%. Prevalence of 7.7%, 20.6% and 3.7% were recorded for students, Artisans and Teachers respectively. The prevalence of prospective donors who were reactive to HBsAg was high and consistent with other similar studies reported in literature. Hence, screening for HBsAg should be performed on prospective blood donors before donation in the Cape Coast metropolis in Ghana and all other places with high prevalence.

Occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in some edible molluscs from Kalarugbani creek in Okirika LGA, River State, Nigeria

The objective of this study was to determine the potentially pathogenic Vibrio species associated with Tympanotonus fuscatus (Periwinkle) and Crassostrea sp (oyster) and its habitants. The Vibrio counts ranges from 6.1x103 - 2.1X 104 for oyster, 5.7 x103 – 1.2x104 for periwinkle, 1.4 x103 -6.7x103 for sediments and 3.1 x103 - 1.2x103 for the overlying water. Statistical analysis for the Vibrio counts of REP, RSO, OLW and MFS showed a great significant difference at P<0.05 between the various samples and also at P< 0.05 there was a significant difference in the counts obtained for various months sampled. One-way ANOVA was used in comparing between RSO, REP and OLW, there was a slight significant difference at P<0.05, between RSO, REP, and MFS, there was also a great significant difference at P<0.05. The study confirms the risk associated with the consumption of these shellfish and the need for proper storage and preparation condition prior to the consumption. In addition, in order to prevent the health risks associated with these shellfish heat treatment has to be applied prior to consumption.

Investigation on the Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Gas sensing Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized adopting sol-gel process. The structure of the obtained product is confirmed by the powder XRD analysis. The influence of size effect on the optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles is examined using optical absorption spectrum. The morphology, size and structure of the as prepared ZnO nanoparticles are investigated using SEM and TEM analyses. In addition, LPG sensing properties is also investigated.

Direct, derivative and simultaneous spectrophotometric methods of determination of Iron(II) and Uranium(VI) in various environmental, biological and ore samples

Simple, sensitive and reproducible direct and derivative spectrophotometric methods for the determination of iron(II) and uranium(VI) are reported. The method is based on the formation of orange coloured complex of a stoichiometric ratio 2:3 between iron(II) and 2-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde- isonicotinoylhydrazone (HMBAINH) and the formation of yellow coloured complex of stoichiometric ratio 1:1 between uranium(VI) and HMBAINH at pH 4.0. The maximum absorbance of [Fe(II)-HMBAINH] complex was measured at 385nm. Under the optical conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed over the range 0.139-1.396 mg mL-1. The molar absorptivity and detection limits are calculated as 2.0x104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.013 mg mL-1 respectively. [U(VI)-HMBAINH] complex shows maximum absorbance at 395nm, Beer’s law range, molar absorptivity and detection limits are 1.19 -11.9 mg mL-1, 0.9 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1, and 0.224 mg mL-1 respectively. A simultaneous third order derivative spectrophotometric method of determination of iron(II) and uranium(VI) is also reported. The proposed methods were successfully employed in the determination of iron and uranium in various environmental, biological and ore sample.

Growth, structural, optical, mechanical and electrical properties of amino acid single crystal of γ- glycine

An organic nonlinear optical single crystal of gamma glycine (GGLY) has been grown by slow evaporation of the saturated solution at room temperature. Single crystal of gamma glycine (GGLY), an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, has been grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. Good optical quality single crystals with dimension up to 31 × 30 × 6 mm3 are obtained. The crystals are characterized by optical absorption spectrum, FTIR and Xray diffraction studies. The dielectric response of the sample is studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The mechanical, photoconductivity and ac/dc behavior of the grown crystals are also investigated.

Seasonal variation of ground water parameters in the Godavari basin at Paithan town

Ground water quality from four different places of Paithan city of Aurangabad district from Maharashtra, India, was assessed during 2008-2009 seasonally. The parameters determined were conductivity, TDS, Chloride, DO, pH, Hardness. Phosphate, Temperature etc. Most of the parameters were observed to be within permissible limits as described by various agencies.

Preparation, wetability and electrical properties of nanocrystalline ZnCr2O4 oxide by combustion route

This study reports on synthesis of nano sized ZnCr2O4 mixed oxide was prepared by novel self combustion method using glycine as a fuel. The nanomaterial ZnCr2O4 mixed oxide was characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM. The average particle size of the nanomaterial ZnCr2O4 calculated from XRD was found in the range 15-40 nm .It was good agreement with TEM .Electrical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are studied by AC conductivity measurement. Electrical conductivity of the nanomaterial ZnCr2O4 was increased with the temperature. The superhydrophilicity of the sintered oxides was investigated by wetting experiments, by the sessile drop technique, were carried out at room temperature in air to determine the surface and interfacial interactions.

Kinetic Study of Thermal Degradation of Polyurethanes with Nonlinear Optical Chromophore

In this work, thermal degradation of polyurethanes containing different feed concentration of 4- [bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4'-nitroazobenzene as nonlinear optical chromophore (NLO) is presented, using dynamic thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) in air atmosphere at different heating rates viz. 5, 10 and 20°C min-1. Polyurethanes were synthesized by copolymerization of 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4'-nitroazobenzene and N-phenyldiethanolamine with 2,4- tolyenediisocyanate. Degradation activation energies are calculated using model free multipleheating rate methods i.e. Kissinger, Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall. The values of activation energy thus obtained are directly proportional to the feed concentration of chromophore.The lower value of activation energy for polyurethane containing 100% chromophore feed concentration suggests its lower resistance to heat during its use in electro optic device applications.

Influence of Rubber Latex on Dynamic Modulus of Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete

Characterization of material property is fundamental in the Mechanistic-Empirical design of flexible pavement. One of such key material property is the modulus of the material which influences tensile strain levels and also necessary for the prediction of fatigue cracking of asphalt pavement. It is on this basis, that the present study was directed towards exploring techniques that will improve the performance of flexible road pavement by modifying the asphalt concrete modulus; in particular dynamic modulus, E* through rubberization. The results of the study revealed that the addition of rubber latex into the asphalt concrete mixture produced positive significant changes in the dynamic modulus of the asphalt concrete at varying loading frequencies. Result showed that the dynamic modulus increased from 68,098.83 PSI to 73,188.27 PSI at 0.1Hz; 98,371.65 PSI to 105,719.22 PSI at 1Hz; 126,497.49PSI to 135,945.83PSI at 5Hz; 144,215.28 PSI to 154,987.01 PSI at 10Hz and 184,893.58 PSI to 198,703.64 PSI at 25Hz. However, threshold rubber latex content to attain maximum dynamic modulus corresponded to 0.5% at the loading frequencies investigated, that means further addition of rubber latex resulted in reduction in the value of the modulus. The Asphalt Institute Dynamic Modulus prediction model was adopted in the study.

Prediction of coefficient of friction for Aluminum Billet

In the metal forming process, a realistic frictional coefficient must be specified at the die/work piece interface. Several methods are developed to evaluate friction coefficient in large deformation processes. This paper presents the concept of friction calibration map to determine different frictional conditions between interfaces of die and billet in the upsetting process. One such map is generated for aluminum for three aspect ratios. Simulation and experimental verification of this map also attempted to show the accuracy of one map.

Identification of Fluoride contaminations with the interaction of physio-chemical characteristic in Groundwater of Dharmapuri District, TamilNadu, INDIA

The quality of groundwater depends on a large number of individual hydrological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Water dissolves the minerals present in the strata of soil it filers through in the case of ground water and, in the case of surface water, the minerals present in the soil over which it flows (rivers/streams) or over which it stands (lakes, ponds, reservoirs). Generally higher proportions of dissolved constituents are found in groundwater than in surface water because of greater interaction of ground water with various materials in geologic strata. The study carried out to find the relationship of fluoride contamination in groundwater through by the interaction method with the help of the physio-chemical parameters using GIS tool. The study emerges with a new perception for the better prediction of contaminants to get a clear vision for the future study.

In vitro study of antagonistic effect of Trichoderma sp., on tea plant pathogen, Phomopsis theae.

Antibiosis and parasitism play an important role in bio control of plant diseases. A large number of plant diseases are successfully controlled through bacterial and fungal antagonism. To solve, a fungal antagonist Trichoderma sp., was isolated (antagonist) from the soil sample to be used as a biocontrol agent. The study was to isolate tea plant pathogen; Phomopsis theae from infected tea stem while causes drastic effect in the social, economic aspects of the tea planters. Interaction of Pathogen with Antagonist by various culture methods to prove the biocontrol efficiency was studied by Dual culture method, antibiosis, extraction and bioassay method. The interaction of Antagonists Fungi with the pathogen on the tea plant was studied to know the success of field trials. In the present study, attempts were made to control Phomopsis canker with bio control agents Trichoderma sp under in vitro conditions.

Dyeing performance of heterocyclic monoazo dyes based on 3-amino 1H-pyrazolon[3,4-b]quinoline derivatives on various fibers

1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-3-amine derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction between substituted phenyl pyrazolones and 3-amino-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-b] quinoline. The novel compound structures have been established on the basis of their substituted phenyl pyrazolones derivatives. All the azo compounds were characterized by their percentage yield, melting point, elemental analysis, UV visible spectra, IR spectra, NMR spectra and dyeing performance on nylon, wool, silk and polyester fibers. All the synthesized dyes gave moderate to excellent fastness properties on each fiber.

Equilibrium adsorption and kinetics study of chitosan-dust kenaf fiber composite

Kenaf-dust filled chitosan biocomposite was prepared for the adsorption of metal ion. The adsorption property of the biocomposite towards Cu2+ ion was evaluated. Various factors affecting the uptake behavior such as contact time, pH and initial concentration of the metal ion was investigated. The equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second order and the intra particle diffusion was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cu2+ was in the range of 232±134 mg·g-1.

Petrographic Analysis and Total organic content (Toc) of Igneous Intrusives in Ishiagu Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria

The Lower Benue Trough is a linear, intracratonic, graben basin, tending NE-SW. The trough is characterized by an uplifted basement block, flanked by deep basin containing about 6km of sediments. The study area which is part of the Lower Benue Trough comprises of igneous rock types that are predominantly intermediate to basic in nature. From petrological studies, the rocks are made up of intermediate to high temperature minerals. Total organic carbon (Toc) content tests were conducted on the mudstone inclusions in the pyroclastics, and values range from 0.60%wt- 0.86%wt. The classification of source quality by Total organic content (Toc) percent shows that the source quality is fair. This indicates that prior to the eruption, the study area may have had higher organic carbon content but the heat that accompanied the eruption baked the source rock into mudstones thereby reducing the sorce rock quality. The thermal effect of the igneous intrusions may have increased the temperature above the oil window limit.

Bitterleaf as local substitute for hops in the nigerian brewing industry

A lot of effort had been made in the Nigerian brewing industry to substitute barley with some local cereals in production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. However, the substitution of hops with local raw materials has not received commensurate attention. This paper investigated the brewing qualities of bitterleaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) using extraction with appropriate solvent and steam or hydro distillation to obtain the bitterleaf extract. Thereafter, the extract was characterized in order to determine its suitability for use in brewing by comparing it with those of standard commercial hops values. The physicochemical analysis of the bitterleaf showed that the sample extract had brewing properties or variables as follows: Iso-alpha acid (mg/l) of 8.52, alpha acid (mg/l) of 9.27, total resin (%) of 20.4, essential oil (%) of 1.20 and fat content (%) of 7.00. The Analytical Bitterness Unit (ABU) was found to be adequate and was equal to 8.73 European Bitterness Unit (EBU). The properties or variables of the present bitterleaf extract was found to compare favourable with those of the commercial hops used as basis for comparison though with variation in the fat content which was found to be 7.00% compared to the commercial hop which was 3.12%. Consequently, the results obtained showed that bitterleaf presents a potential substitute for hops in the Nigerian brewing industry though the timing of its use will depend upon economic and political considerations and the supply and demand for bitterleaf and hops.

Avocado Apple (Persea americana) Pericarp Waste: A Source of Oil for Industrial Application Obtained and Characterized Using Extraction With Different Solvents

This work compared the extraction of oil from the pericarp (peels) of avocado apples using two different solvents namely n–hexane and anhydrous ethanol. Direct and indirect leaching methods were used to extract the oil from the pericarp of the apples. The extraction was carried out at different particle sizes, times, and boiling points of the solvents. These were as follows: 0.75mm,1.00mm, 1.59mm and 2.00mm; 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes; 600C and 780C for n–hexane and anhydrous ethanol respectively. The oil extract (active principle) was further refined. The crude and refined oils were characterized to define their physicochemical properties and hence their suitability for industrial applications. Comparative analysis of the results at optimal thermodynamic conditions of reaction time (120minutes), particle size (0.75mm), boiling point of solvents used (n–hexane, 600C and anhydrous ethanol, 780C) revealed an optimum oil yield of 21.2% and 23.9% for indirect and direct extraction using n–hexane, 35.9% and 42.0% for indirect and direct extraction using anhydrous ethanol respectively. Physicochemical analysis of the refined oil showed a saponification value of 196.4, iodine value of 5.653, free fatty acid value of 0.0872, specific gravity of 0.90261, refractive index of 1,600, viscosity of 181.180cp, and boiling point of 890C. Based on the conformity of these properties to the international standard (ISO/TR 21092, ISO/TR 210,ISO 212, AOCS), the present oil is a potential substitute for most oils used for cosmetics and health care production.

Comparative Study of Production Oil from Avocado Apple (Persea americana) Using Steam Distillation and Extraction

This work compared the production of oil from the pericarps (peels) of avocado apple using steam distillation and extraction (direct and indirect leaching) with respect to the yields. An improvised steam distillation set-up was used at three different steam heating rates. It entailed the comminution of the sample material suspended on a grid (perforated metal plate) 90mm above the water level and the application of steam through the material. The steam percolated the material and subsequently vaporized the oils from the interlocking matrix of the molecular-atomic units of the avocado pericarps. Variations in time and volume o f water used to generate the steam for the process are as follows: 30, 60, 90 and 120minutes and 1000ml, 1250ml and 1500ml respectively. In contrast, leaching method (direct and indirect extraction) using two different solvents namely n-hexane and anhydrous ethanol were used. The extraction was carried out at different particle sizes, times, and the boiling points of the solvents. These were as follows: 0.75mm, 1.00mm, 1.59mm and 2.00mm; 30, 60 90 and 120minutes; 600C and 780C for n-hexane and anhydrous ethanol respectively. The active principles (oils) from both methods were processed by to produce high quality refined oil. Finally, the crude and refined oils were characterized to determine their suitability for industrial applications. The results from the steam distillation revealed that the heating rate of 2.57ml/min (moderate) gave the maximum oil yield of 59.8% while the results from leaching (direct and indirect extraction) method at a similar extraction time (120minutes), particle size (0.75mm), gave optimum oil yields of 21.2% and 23.9% for indirect and direct leaching respectively using n-hexane, 35.9% and 42.0% for indirect and direct leaching using anhydrous ethanol respectively. The physicochemical analysis of the refined oil showed that the oil has saponification value of 196.4, acid value of 5.653, iodine value of 67.7, free fatty acid value of 0.0872, peroxide value of 67.1.27, specific gravity of 0.90261, viscosity of 181.180cp and refractive index of 1,600. From the results of both methods of production, it is apparent that steam distillation gave the highest yield (59.8%) of oils than leaching (42.0%). The properties of the present oils are in conformity with the international standard1, 2 and as such, are potential substitutes for the most oils used for cosmetics and pharmaceutical drugs production.

Molecular structure, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra and HOMOLUMO analysis of 2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline using ab initio HF and DFT (B3LYP/B3PW91) calculations

Fourier-Transform infrared and Fourier-Transform Raman spectra of 2-methoxy-4- nitroaniline(2M4NA) was recorded in the region 4000 – 400 cm-1 and 3500 – 100 cm-1 .Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 2M4NA were carried out by ab initio HF/6-311G(d,p) and DFT (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and B3PW91/6-311G(d,p)) levels of theory with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface.The vibrational frequencies are calculated and scaled values are compared with FT-IR and FT-Raman experimental values. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small in DFT than HF. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule. The study is extended to the HOMO - LUMO analysis to calculate the energy gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, global hardness,chemical potential and global electrophilicity and thermodynamic properties of 2M4NA.. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed simulated spectrograms.

Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Some of the Properties of Zn1-xHgxTe (x= 0 to 1) Thin Films

The present CdHgTe technology poses limitations on the efficiency of photovoltaic devices due to weakening of Hg-Te bonds by inclusion of Cd in CdHgTe. The major consequences are lattice mismatch, defects, low hardness and overall instability. Therefore, an equivalent, new material is being searched to resolve the issue. In view of this, we report, for the first time, a chemical route to grow a full range of ZnHgTe alloy system in thin film form. So far no literature is available on the synthesis of alloy system in thin film form using chemical bath method. The synthesis have been carried out using ammonia complexed mercury and zinc nitrates as a source of metal ions and sodium tellurosulphate, Na2TeSO3 (meta-stable), as a source of telluride ion at 323 K temperature. The films have been characterized by XRD, SEM, AAS, Optical absorption and Electrical measurement techniques. The XRD analysis of ‘as deposited’ thin films indicated cubic nature for all the films. The crystallinity, electrical conductivities were found to increase, while band gaps to decrease with addition of Hg progressively without any anomalies.

Solar photodegradation of methylene blue by LaMnO3 nanorods as a heterogeneous catalyst

Semiconductor photocatalysis has proved to be an efficient method for decolorization and degradation of pollutants. The potential of the prepared photocatalyst in degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under sunlight irradiation was studied. Characterization of LaMnO3 nanorods of prepared sample was studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), TG/DTA, SEM, TEM and BET methods. The influence of experimental parameters on the dye photodegradation process was studied and it was observed that photo reactivity of photocatalyst (LaMnO3) varied with the amount of catalyst, initial dye concentration, pH of the dye solution, H2O2 oxidant. The optimal experimental conditions were determined as follow: catalyst amount; 0.16gm/L, concentration of the dye solution; 10 ppm, pH of solution; 9.3 and 6% H2O2 solution under these optimum conditions, the obtained degradation efficiency for MB dye was 100 %. The reusability of the intended catalyst was also investigated.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of new Nickel(II) mixed ligand complexes of disubstituted dithiocarbamates with ethylsalicylaldiminate

A new series of nickel(II) mixed ligand complexes of some disubstituted dithiocarbamates with ethylsalicylaldiminate have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes conform to the general formula, [Ni(EtSal)(R2dtc)] where EtSal = ethylsalicylaldiminate, R2 = dibenzyl (Bz2), di-iso-butyl (i-Bu2), di-n-butyl (n-Bu2), ethylbutyl (EtBu), methylbutyl (MeBu), methylphenyl (MePh), cyclo-hexylmethyl (c-HxMe), and dtc = dithiocarbamate. Infrared spectra and elemental analyses reveal bidentate coordination of the ligands to nickel(II) ion in 1:1:1 mole ratio. Room temperature magnetic moments and solid reflectance spectra data indicate diamagnetic complexes with four-coordinate square planar geometry. The complexes show moderate and selective activity toward some of the test microorganisms.

Synthesis, characterization and hydrophilic properties of nanocrystalline ZnFe2O4 oxide

This study reports on synthesis of nano sized ZnFe2O4 mixed oxide was prepared by novel self combustion method using urea as a fuel. The nanomaterial ZnFe2O4 mixed oxide was characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM. The average particle size of the nanomaterial ZnFe2O4 calculated from XRD was found in the range 22- 34 nm .It was good agreement with TEM .Electrical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are studied by AC conductivity measurement. Electrical conductivity of the nanomaterial ZnFe2O4 was increased with the temperature. The superhydrophilicity of the sintered oxides was investigated by wetting experiments, by the sessile drop technique, were carried out at room temperature in air to determine the surface and interfacial interactions.

Preparation and characterization of novel oxo-centered basic carboxylate bridging trinuclear complexes

Three new oxo-centered trinuclear complexes, one of them a mixed-valence complex [Mn3O (CH3CO2)6(Py)3] (1) and the others, mixed-metal complexes of [FeCr2O (CH3CO2)6(Py)3] Py (2) and [Fe2CoO(CH3CO2)6(Py)3]Py (3) were synthesized by the direct reaction between metal nitrates and acetic acid. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses(CHN), atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectral (IR, electronic) studies. These are new type of oxo-bridged mixed-metal complexes in which the carboxylate acid. The UV spectra of the complexes exhibited a strong band in the region 265nm which is related to the (???*) transitions of the carboxylate ligand. The IR spectra of these compounds showed two strong stretching vibrations bands, indicating a bridging coordination mode of the carboxylic group of the ligand in the complexes. In this work as well for first time aniline was used as axial ligand wich form fine crystalline compounds.

Proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Gardenia Aqualla seeds

The seeds of Gardenia aqualla fruit were analysed for nutritional and anti-nutritional composition using standard analytical methods. The results obtained were moisture content (49.00 %), ash (5.20 %), crude lipid (1.90 %), crude protein (4.46%), crude fibre (1.00 %), available Carbohydrate (87.64 %) and the energy value (384.70 kcal/100g). Elemental analyses show that potassium is the most abundant element in the seeds while chromium is the least (1.30mg/100g). Lead was also detected (0.43 mg/100g). The result of anti-nutritional evaluation indicate the presence of phytate (2.74 mg/100g), soluble oxalate (2.74mg/100g), saponin (5.10 mg/100g), nitrate (0.52mg/100g) and hydrocyanic acid (0.14 mg/100g). The antinutrients to nutrients ratio indicate the availability of some important minerals. The results indicate that the seed which is usually thrown away as waste can serve as a good source of some minerals and carbohydrate which if properly utilized would assist in combating the problem of malnutrition in the society.

Use of chicken egg yolk antibody as an alternative to antibiotic treatment for control of ulcer producing Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori multiply and cause infection in human gastric mucosal layer. New approaches have focused on using specific treatments, such as chicken antibody. The present study evaluated the potential use of immunoglobulin prepared from the egg yolk of chicken immunized with in the treatment of H. pylori infections. Between January and June 2011, a total of 107 H. pylori isolates were obtained from gastric biopsies of patients with upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms in endoscopy section at tertiary care hospitals in Coimbatore, South India. Genetic immunization of laying chicken with a plasmid expressing Helicobacter pylori UreB (large subunit of urease), IgY against UreB were obtained from egg yolks. These polyclonal and mono specific IgY antibodies are of higher-titer method such as Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA, Dot-blot and finally, urease neutralizing ability of the antibodies was evaluated in presence of the purified IgY. To our knowledge this is the first report describing generation of IgY antibodies directed against antigens of H. pylori by DNA-based immunization.

The interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies over Maiduguri Dikwa depression, Chad Basin Nigeria: A structural view

An aeromagnetic study of the Maiduguri Dikwa depression in northeastern Nigeria has been carried out to establish its main shallow crustal structural features. The area is intensely fractured with major fractures trending in NE-SW direction. Spectral analysis and 2.0 D modeling of four profiles selected from the residual anomaly map provide depths to basement of 2.82, 3.41, 2.41 and 2.56 km. These depths constrain the magnetic models along the profiles, which indicate that the sedimentary infill is of variable thickness. Thus, we have three sub basins along the Maiduguri Dikwa depression: Maiduguri, Mafa-Bama, and Dikwa subbasins. These subbasins are associated with the extensional tectonics that affected the region from the Benue Trough to the Chad Basin. The Mafa-Bama subbasin is the deepest one. The sedimentary infill is probably dominated with sandy clayey alluvial deposits, sandstones and shales. Depths to basement were constrained with by spectral analysis results.

Profile of Eye Camp: An Assessment of Presbyopia among People

Presbyopia poses an important public health challenges because it affects older people ability to maintain their economic independence. This study on the assessment of presbyopia as a refractive error among ages 40 -60 years was undertaken at Ahmadu Bello University ABUTH Zaria during the eye camp, two hundred and ninety seven had refractive error; forty respondences were selected as the sample size. Systematic sampling technique under the probability sampling was used to select the respondents. Finding shows that ages 40 60 had more cases of prebyopia which shows that it is age related. 90% of the respondents have good far vision with visual acuity of 6/6 6/18 which is a satisfactory vision for distance vision but unsatisfactory for near vision because of inability to read small prints. Early and periodical eye screening will be necessary for quick diagnosis of presbyopia and it will enable older people maintain their economic independence.

A Study on Oil Degradation Potential of Bacillus megaterium Isolated from Oil Contaminated Sites in Lucknow

Oil-degrading microorganisms are ubiquitous. They can be isolated from contaminated soils where the oil seepage occurs. In this study, five different bacterial species were isolated from soil contaminated with used engine oil and their ability to degrade used engine oil in vitro was studied. The isolates were grown in mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with used engine oil. Isolate MJAL1101 showed maximum oil degradation (27.37%) after 7 days incubation period. The isolate was tentatively identified as Bacillus megaterium based on Bergeys Manual.

Cuttings and Mud gas data: A new perspective for Caprock Leakage in the North Sea

Prior to contemporary times, direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) such as stains, shows and seeps including mud gas and cuttings gas data had been used for the evaluation of potential hydrocarbon accumulations, maturation and productivity of source rock. Caprock leakage had never been viewed with greater interest than sparingly using these indicators. Modern studies have evolved into employing petrophysics of the caprock section, seismic sections and molecular geochemistry to discern potential mechanism and migration pathways of leaked petroleum via caprocks. In this study, thermogenic wet gas depth profiles and thermogenic signature depth profiles derived from cuttings (headspace)/or mud gas data show significant potential as a fast and reliable tool for evaluation of caprock leakage in the North Sea. The study showed that most wells in the North Sea have appreciable amounts of thermogenic wet gas in significant range of caprock sections above the caprockreservoir interface over petroleum reservoirs, these observations infers leakage and the leaked hydrocarbons could have been delivered into the caprock sections via pressure prone fracture and capillary leakage through network of pores in the matrix of the caprocks.

Students integrated science achievement as predicator of later achievement in chemistry: A case study among selected secondary schools in Zaria metropolis

In this article, the predictive strength of the Junior Secondary Certificate (JSC) examinations in integrated science in predicting the performance of students in the Senior Secondary Certificate (SSC) examinations in chemistry in Zaria metropolis, Nigeria was examined. The study employed the ex-post facto design. The study population comprised of four hundred students from four purposefully selected secondary schools in Zaria metropolis. Out of this population, a sample of two hundred students was selected through the stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected through an inventory and analysed with the use of z-test and correlation analysis. The results of the investigation revealed that the academic achievement of students in integrated science in the Junior Secondary School Certificate (JSC) examinations among the selected Secondary schools in Zaria metropolis was a poor predictor of later achievement in chemistry at Senior Secondary School Certificate (SCE) examination. It is recommended that more qualified and competent teachers should be trained and employed to teach Integrated Science in Junior Secondary School and classroom teachers should try as much as possible to relate the concept of integrated Science to chemistry and other basic sciences.

Extraction and Physicochemical Analysis of some selected Northern Nigerian Industrial oils

The physicochemical parameters; Saponification value, Iodine value and Acid value of some selected Northern Nigerian industrial oils were determined. The following values were obtained for the various parameters measured; For Castor seed oil, Saponification value 123.3 3.428 mgKOH/g, Iodine value 76.93 0.397 g I2/100g and Acid value 2.39 0.065 mgKOH/g were obtained. For Jatropha oil, Saponification value 122.49 2.591 mgKOH/g, Iodine value 73.46 5.00 g I2/100g and Acid value 1.20 0.065 mgKOH/g were obtained. For Cotton seed oil, Saponification value 199.42 0.53 mgKOH/g, Iodine value 119.78 0.81 g I2/100g and Acid value 0.81 0.01 mgKOH/g were obtained. The oil yield for Castor seed oil, Jatropha oil and Cotton seed oil were 42% , were 48% , were 48% respectively. The objective was to justify their industrial utilization.

Analyzing and Synthesis of copper, cobalt, manganese and zinc phthalocyanines and a study on their pigments

Phthalocyanines are one important class of pigmanent of bright blue to yellowish green colors. Phthalocyanines have found wide applications in diverse arease such as biomedical agents for diagnosis and therapy and these products could be used as pigmanent or textile colorants and productions of the pigmanent printing ink and catalytic characteristics, Oxidation and reduction and also, Oxidantion Catalysor for elimination of sulfur from oil products.The pigmanent obtain from various methods, for example: copper phthalocyanines produce from dry and wet methods. In this research work we obtained Copper, Cobalt, Manganese and zinc phthalocyanines with the formula of :( C32H16N8) M. by the reaction of a mixture contain Urea, metal salt, phthalicanhydride and amoniom heptamolibdate as catalyst which the mixture heated in air at 180 oC for 7 - 8 h. and the resultant row phthalocyanine. treated in concentrated sulfuric acid. The final product was 80%. Respect to phthalicanhydride. Structured of above compounds were confirmed by using IR,UV/VIS, elemental analysis techniques.